阅读理解（说明文）-

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答案与解析

主题语境 01 人与社会-中国文化

（25-26 高二上·河北五校联考·期中）Paper-cut is a kind of Chinese traditional art. Since the invention (发 明) of paper, paper-cut has become popular in many places of China. The material and tools used for paper cutting are simple, paper and scissors. Paper-cuts are usually made of red paper, because red is associated with happiness in traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, on festive (喜庆的) occasions such as weddings, red paper-cuts are the first choice for decorating doors and windows. Everything can become the theme of paper-cuts, from people to things that can be found in everyday life. They are often pasted on the windows, walls, doors or lanterns to express the feelings of joy, happiness and hope in life. There are different styles of paper-cuts, the most famous of which are the southern and northern styles. The style in the southern area of China is delicate (精巧的), with scenery, birds and flowers as the main subjects. The northern style is simpler and more expressive because of its rough (粗犷的) lines and designs.

1.Paper-cut ________. A. has a short history B. has a long history C. is a modern invention D. is a new invention 2.On festive occasions, ________ paper-cuts are usually used. A. red B. yellow C. black D. blue 3.What material and tools are commonly used in paper cutting? A. Doors and windows. B. Paper and scissors. C. Birds and flowers. D. Lanterns and walls. 4.________ feelings are usually expressed by the paper-cuts. A. Angry B. Sad C. Happy D. Calm

答案：1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C

解析：导语：（北 京） 1 / 124

本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国传统剪纸艺术，包括其历史、所用材料工具、主题寓意及南北方不 同的风格特点。

(1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段 中的“Since the invention of paper, paper-cut has become popular in many places of China.(自纸发明以来，剪纸就在中国许多地方流行起来)”可知，纸的发明历史悠久，剪纸自纸发明后便流行。 由此可推知，剪纸具有悠久的历史。故选 B 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Paper-cuts are usually made of red paper, because red is associated with happiness in traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, on festive occasions such as weddings, red paper-cuts are the first choice for decorating doors and windows.(剪纸通常由红纸制成，因为在中国传统文化中，红色与喜庆相关。因此， 在婚礼等喜庆场合，红色剪纸是装饰门窗的首选)”可知，喜庆场合通常使用红色剪纸。故选 A 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The material and tools used for paper cutting are simple, paper and scissors.(剪纸 所用的材料和工具很简单，就是纸和剪刀)”可知，剪纸常用的材料和工具是纸和剪刀。故选 B 项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They are often pasted on the windows, walls, doors or lanterns to express the feelings of joy, happiness and hope in life.(它们常被贴在窗户、墙壁、门上或灯笼上，以表达生活中的喜悦、幸福和希 望之情)”可知，剪纸通常表达快乐的情感。故选 C 项。

主题语境 02 人与社会-历史、社会与文化

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·福建福宁五校联合体·期中）We’re happy to introduce News for Classroom Use: a weekly newsletter with a piece of news and activities based on it which you can use as a warm-up, a filler or a wrap-up task. The newsletter might include: discussion questions, tasks around headlines and images, comments to respond to, vocabulary and links to related ESL. Brains lesson plans. How to use the newsletter The stories covered in the newsletter range from breaking news to more evergreen content which you will be able to go back to according to your students needs. The newsletter itself has several parts. INTRO: A short paragraph describing-what the news is about. You might need to read it out to students or it may also serve as a reference point to you, depending on the activities that go with the particular piece of news. ACTIVITY: A task or tasks for students to work on in the classroom. Each newsletter contains a set of questions related to the news. You might ask students to discuss all of them or just some of them. If you teach lower-level students, use the easier questions or just ask students to say what they think about the news. Other activities might include completing headlines, commenting on pictures, reporting what students have heard about the news, etc. 2 / 124

Subscribe to the newsletter If you are an Unlimited or a Premium user and you’re subscribed to our newsletters, the News for Classroom Use newsletter will drop into your mailbox every Wednesday.

1.Which is a feature of the newsletter? A. It posts daily updates. B. It contains advanced vocabulary. C. It emphasizes breaking news. D. It offers reusable reading materials. 2.What activity can be recommended to beginners? A. Rewriting related news. B. Choosing news pictures. C. Expressing their opinions. D. Contributing to the newsletter. 3.Who is the text intended for? A. News presenters. B. Teachers. C. Foreign students. D. Journalists.

答案：1. D 2. C 3. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款名为“News for Classroom Use”的每周新闻通讯，它包含一篇新闻及 基于该新闻设计的活动，可用于课堂热身、填充或总结任务，并说明了使用方法及订阅信息。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“The stories covered in the newsletter range from breaking news to more evergreen content which you will be able to go back to according to your students needs. (新闻通讯中涵盖的故事从突发新闻到更 具持久性的内容，你可以根据学生的需求回顾这些内容。)”可知，该新闻通讯的特点是提供可重复使用的阅 读材料。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“If you teach lower-level students, use the easier questions or just ask students to say what they think about the news. (如果你教的是水平较低的学生，使用较简单的问题，或者只是让学生说出他们对 新闻的看法。)”可知，对于初学者，可以推荐的活动是表达他们的观点。故选 C 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“a weekly newsletter with a piece of news and activities based on it which you can use as a warm-up, a filler or a wrap-up task. (一份每周新闻通讯，包含一篇新闻和基于该新闻的活动，你可以将其用

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作热身、填充或总结任务。)”以及后文提到的“students”“lower-level students”等可知，这篇文章是写给教师的。 故选 B 项。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·山东名校考试联盟·期中）The Growth of Sustainable Agriculture Feeding the world’s population places significant pressure on our natural resources. In response, sustainable agriculture — a farming approach that meets current food and fiber needs while protecting the environment and supporting farmers’ livelihoods — is gaining crucial edge.

The sustainable agriculture market is experiencing rapid expansion. Its value has grown from

15.07𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛2024𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 16.75 billion in 2025. This strong growth is expected to continue, with the market expected to reach $23.97 billion by 2029, advancing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.4%. This growth is essentially driven by soaring consumer demand for organic products. Furthermore, innovations such as sustainable biostimulants (生物刺激素) are advancing farming practices. The market covers various products, including improved seeds, and biopesticides, which are used in farming systems like organic farming and precision agriculture. Geographically, North America was the largest market in 2024, while the Asia-Pacific region is forecast to be the fastest-growing. However, the growth forecast has been slightly adjusted. “The forecast of 9.4% growth over the next five years indicates a slight reduction,” the report notes, attaching this mainly to international trade tensions and customs duties, which could disturb the supply of key technologies. Despite these challenges, the overall trend is positive, signaling a steady global shift towards more resilient (有 韧性的) and environmentally friendly food production systems. 1.What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A. To present specific market information. B. To compare different farming methods. C. To define a concept and introduce the topic. D. To stress the challenges of population growth. 2.Which is the probable market size in 2027? A. 15.07 billion. B. 16.75 billion. C. 20.05 billion. D. 21.93 billion. 3.What is the main reason for the rising sustainable agriculture market? 4 / 124

A. Growing variety of market products. B. Sufficient supply of key technologies. C. Constant international trade tensions. D. Increasing demand for organic products.

答案：1. C 2. C 3. D

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文，介绍了可持续农业的发展，包括其定义、全球市场规模增长、驱动因素、地域分布及面临 的挑战等内容。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Feeding the world’s population places significant pressure on our natural resources. In response, sustainable agriculture — a farming approach that meets current food and fiber needs while protecting the environment and supporting farmers’ livelihoods — is gaining crucial edge.(养活世界人口给我们的自然资源带来 了巨大压力。作为回应，可持续农业——一种在满足当前食物和纤维需求的同时保护环境并支持农民生计 的农业方法——正获得关键优势。)”可知，第一段定义了可持续农业的概念并引出主题。故选 C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。从文中及图表可知：2024 年 15.07 billion，2025 年 16.75 billion，2029 年 23.97 billion，年复合 增长率(CAGR)约 9.4%。图中 2027 年数值约为 200.5 亿美元。故选 C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“This growth is essentially driven by soaring consumer demand for organic products.( 这 种增长主要是由消费者对有机产品的需求激增推动的。)”可知，可持续农业市场增长的主要原因是对有机产 品需求的增加。故选 D。

Passage 3

（25-26 高二上·福建福宁五校联合体·期中）About 4 billion people already experience water shortage for at least one month a year and this number could double by 2050, according to a 2024 study. Yet progress on water shortage targets under the UN Sustainable Development Goals is off track. Professor Guenther, director of the UN University’s Institute, says that water shortage has largely been invisible to policymakers. Fortunately, many technologies to make better use of water resources are developing. These include technologies to improve the efficiency of typically energy-intensive desalination (海水的脱盐) plants, and the improved biological treatment processes that effectively double the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to increase the water available for industrial and agricultural use. Investment has not always been available for water resource solutions. The water sector is a $500 billion marketplace, representing a huge opportunity for investors. But investing in this area requires a willingness to wait for returns in the longer term. Investment in new technologies is not the only answer, says Brooke, co-editor of Unconcentional Water 5 / 124

Resources, a book published by the UN earlier this year to urge the use of various and plentiful resources that until now have not received much attention. These range from the millions of cubic kilometers of water in deep land-based and seabed aquifers (含水层), and in fog and icebergs, to reusing water from the ballast holds (压载舱) of thousands of ships for agriculture. “It is a human approach to think that sufficient technology will address the problem. But if there’s no rain, if the groundwater level gets lower and lower, if we cannot dig deeper, and there is no option for desalination, this is when we start thinking,” says Brooke. “But by then it’s very often too late.”

1.What causes the slow progress on water shortage solutions according to Guenther? A. Insufficient funds. B. The lack of effective policies. C. Outdated technology. D. The rise of global warming. 2.What stops investors from investing in the water sector? A. The limited market. B. The long profit cycle. C. The high investment risk. D. The large initial investment. 3.Which measure did the UN suggest taking earlier this year? A. Promoting water use efficiency. B. Improving wastewater treatment. C. Building more desalination plants. D. Seeking alternative water resources. 4.What does the author want to do in the last paragraph? A. Issue a warning. B. Launch an appeal. C. Make a prediction. D. Highlight an approach.

答案：1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了目前水资源短缺的现状、进展缓慢的原因、相关技术的发展、投资情况， 还提及了联合国今年早些时候提出的应对措施以及最后发出相关警示。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Professor Guenther, director of the UN University’s Institute, says that water shortage has largely been invisible to policymakers. (联合国大学研究所所长根瑟教授表示，水资源短缺在很大程度上一

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直未被政策制定者所关注。)”可知，根瑟认为水资源短缺问题进展缓慢是因为缺乏有效的政策，政策制定者 没有重视该问题。故选 B 项。

(2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“But investing in this area requires a willingness to wait for returns in the longer term. (但投资这一领域需要有耐心等待长期回报的意愿。)”可知，阻碍投资者投资水领域的是较长的盈利周期。 故选 B 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Investment in new technologies is not the only answer, says Brooke, co-editor of Unconcentional Water Resources, a book published by the UN earlier this year to urge the use of various and plentiful resources that until now have not received much attention. (联合国今年早些时候出版的一本书《非常规水资源》 的联合编辑布鲁克说，投资新技术并不是唯一的解决办法，这本书敦促人们利用各种丰富且至今未受到太 多关注的水资源。)”可知，联合国今年早些时候建议采取的措施是寻求替代水资源。故选 D 项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中““It is a human approach to think that sufficient technology will address the problem. But if there’s no rain, if the groundwater level gets lower and lower, if we cannot dig deeper, and there is no option for desalination, this is when we start thinking,” says Brooke. “But by then it’s very often too late.” (布鲁克表示： “人们总习惯性认为，足够先进的技术能够解决这个问题。但如果没有降雨，地下水位持续走低，无法开凿 更深的水井，也没有海水淡化的可行方案，我们才会开始意识到问题的严重性——但往往为时已晚。”)”可 知，作者在最后一段想要发出警告，提醒人们不要等到情况恶化到无法挽回时才采取行动。故选 A 项。

Passage 4

（25-26 高二上·浙江台金七校联考·期中）Modern cars are no longer just transport machines — they are essentially smartphones on wheels. For drivers, this brings convenience: automatic braking, GPS, entertainment, and more. Yet carmakers gain something even more valuable — data. Today’s vehicles constantly record weight, speed, routes, and even contacts when phones are connected. This raises a crucial question: who owns and controls this data, and how is it used? The answer remains unclear. Most owners unknowingly give up rights through fine-print sentences in purchase contracts (合同). Like smartphones, cars collect user data, but few drivers realize it. With phones, we trade privacy for convenience consciously; with cars, that trade occurs without awareness. What follows is equally concerning. Carmakers claim data boost safety and performance, yet they can sell it to third parties like insurance companies. Driving behavior — speed, braking, seatbelt use — can all be monetized (获利). Unlike phones where you can turn off location data, there’s no option to quit for your car. Data also lets carmakers remind owners about repairs or maintenance. But this control gives them another edge — deciding who can access that information. For decades, drivers could choose any trusted mechanic. Now, data- driven cars may limit access to manufacturer (制造商) networks, putting independent repair shops, which are often 7 / 124

cheaper and convenient, at a disadvantage. This reveals a new side of the privacy debate. We fear data being shared with strangers, but what about when it’s withheld from those we trust? Imagine a doctor unable to access your medical records without paying a fee. Similarly, carmakers could charge independent repair shops for vehicle data. That expense will lead to vehicle owners’ paying higher repair prices just so that technicians can obtain the data. The solution is simple. The idea that drivers don’t control their own data flies in the face of what consumers want, as nearly 90% of consumers expect. While digital technology makes driving safer and smarter, the enormous value of vehicle data gives manufacturers little reason to release control. Policymakers must act to protect drivers’ rights and maintain their freedom to choose who fixes their cars.

1.According to paragraph 2, why do most car owners lose control of their data? A. They fail to turn off the location data of cars. B. They rarely read the fine print in purchase contracts. C. They willingly exchange privacy for modern convenience. D. They are unaware that their vehicles collect user information. 2.How will car data control probably influence independent repair shops? A. They will no longer be trusted due to lack of data. B. They may have to pay additional cost to access data. C. They can win customers’ favor with lower repair prices. D. They need to provide medical records to prove reliability. 3.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward car data collection? A. Critical. B. Cautious. C. Neutral. D. Approving. 4.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To argue that carmakers should share repair data. B. To highlight privacy and control issues of car data. C. To explain modern car functions and driving experience. D. To demonstrate how carmakers profit from drivers’ data

答案：1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章指出现代汽车收集大量用户数据，但车主往往不知情且失去控制权，可能被制造商 用于盈利或限制独立维修。作者认为这引发隐私和控制权争议，呼吁政策干预以保护车主权益。 (1)题解析： 细 节理 解 题。 根 据文 章 第二 段 中的 “Most owners unknowingly give up rights through fine-print sentences in purchase contracts (合同). Like smartphones, cars collect user data, but few drivers realize it.(大多数车主在购买合 同中通过细小的印刷字体不知不觉地放弃了权利。和智能手机一样，汽车也会收集用户数据，但很少有司机

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意识到这一点。)”可知，大多数车主之所以失去对自己数据的控制权，是因为他们没有意识到自己的车辆会 收集用户信息。故选 D 项。

(2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“Similarly, carmakers could charge independent repair shops for vehicle data. That expense will lead to vehicle owners’ paying higher repair prices just so that technicians can obtain the data.(同 样，汽车制造商可能会向独立维修店收取车辆数据费用。这笔费用将导致车主支付更高的维修价格，以便技 术人员能够获得数据。)”可知，汽车数据控制可能会对独立维修店产生影响，它们可能需要支付额外的费用 来获取数据。故选 B 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“What follows is equally concerning. Carmakers claim data boost safety and performance, yet they can sell it to third parties like insurance companies. Driving behavior — speed, braking, seatbelt use — can all be monetized (获利). Unlike phones where you can turn off location data, there’s no option to quit for your car.(接下来的情况同样令人担忧。汽车制造商声称数据可以提高安全性和性能，但他们可以将 其出售给保险公司等第三方。驾驶行为——速度、刹车、安全带使用——都可以货币化。与手机可以关闭位 置数据不同，汽车没有退出选项。)”以及最后一段中的“While digital technology makes driving safer and smarter, the enormous value of vehicle data gives manufacturers little reason to release control. Policymakers must act to protect drivers’ rights and maintain their freedom to choose who fixes their cars.(虽然数字技术使驾驶更安全、更 智能，但车辆数据的巨大价值使制造商没有理由放弃控制权。政策制定者必须采取行动保护司机的权利，维 护他们选择修理汽车的人的自由。)”可知，作者对汽车数据收集持批评态度，认为这侵犯了车主的隐私和控 制权，并可能导致不公平的竞争环境。故选 A 项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“This raises a crucial question: who owns and controls this data, and how is it used?(这提出了一个关键问题：谁拥有和控制这些数据，以及如何使用这些数据？)”以及全文内容可知，文 章主要讨论了汽车数据的隐私和控制问题，包括车主对数据的所有权和控制权、汽车制造商如何收集和使 用数据，以及这些问题对独立维修店和车主的影响。因此，文章的主要目的是突出汽车数据的隐私和控制问 题。故选 B 项。

主题语境 03 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·安徽·期中）Rain Report Cafe in Seoul is a unique cafe, which rains once every 15 minutes. This unique cafe offers an experience like no other, where customers can enjoy their coffee while getting drenched (湿透) in an artificial downpour. Located in the busy district of Itaewon, this South Korean cafe has quickly become a must- visit attraction for both locals and tourists alike. As you step into Rain Report Cafe, you’ re greeted by a mainly black interior, paired beautifully with bamboo 9 / 124

trees that add a touch of nature to the environment. The cafe’s design transports you away from the noise of the city, making you feel as if you’ re in a peaceful outdoor setting, especially when the rain starts to fall. The cafe features panoramic (全景的) windows that offer a complete view of its inner courtyard, where the rain magic unfolds. Every 15 minutes, without fail, a heavy downpour falls in the courtyard, creating a relaxing atmosphere. The sound of raindrops, combined with the fragrant smell of coffee, creates a perfect setting for those who find relief in a rainy day. To ensure that customers can fully immerse themselves in this unique experience, the cafe provides umbrellas, rubber boots, and raincoats. This thoughtful gesture allows patrons (常客) to step into the courtyard and embrace the rain without worrying about getting wet. Because of its popularity, Rain Report Cafe can get quite lively, with lines of patrons waiting by the windows to capture the downpour on their cameras. If you’ re not bothered by the attention, you might just find yourself becoming a part of their videos as you venture into the courtyard. In a city where new and innovative ideas are always in demand, Rain Report Cafe stands out as a truly special place. For those who find comfort in the sound of rain and enjoy a hot cup of coffee, this cafe offers an unforgettable experience that is worth braving the lines for. So, if you’ re in Seoul, don’t miss the chance to visit this one-of-a-kind rainy haven.

1.Why is the cafe different from other cafes? A. It features heavy artificial rainfall every 15 minutes. B. It serves the most wonderful coffee all year round. C. Its window offers broad views of the ocean. D. The cafe offers customers peaceful environment. 2.What makes the cafe quite natural? A. Its dark interior. B. Bamboo trees. C. The downpours. D. The customers. 3.What does the author think of drinking in the cafe? A. Relieving. B. Inspiring. C. Exciting. D. Depressing. 4.What is the purpose of the text? A. To raise the awareness of green lifestyle. B. To inspire us to be innovative in life. C. To advertise the Rain Report Cafe. D. To give us some tips on drinking coffee.

答案：1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C

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解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了首尔的“雨报告咖啡馆”。这家独特的咖啡馆让顾客可以在模拟的倾盆大雨 中享受咖啡。

(1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“Rain Report Cafe in Seoul is a unique cafe, which rains once every 15 minutes. This unique cafe offers an experience like no other, where customers can enjoy their coffee while getting drenched (湿透) in an artificial downpour.(首尔的“雨报告咖啡馆”是一家与众不同的咖啡馆，它每 15 分钟就会下一次雨。这 家独特的咖啡馆为顾客提供了独一无二的体验，顾客可以在享受咖啡的同时，被模拟的倾盆大雨淋湿)”可知， 每 15 分钟就会下一次雨是这家咖啡馆独特的地方。故选 A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“As you step into Rain Report Cafe, you’ re greeted by a mainly black interior, paired beautifully with bamboo trees that add a touch of nature to the environment.(当你走进“雨报咖啡馆”时，映入眼帘 的是以黑色为主色调的内部装饰，与周围排列的竹子相得益彰，为整个环境增添了一份自然的气息)”可知， 咖啡馆里的竹子给这家咖啡馆增加了一些自然原色彩。故选 B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“The cafe features panoramic (全景的) windows that offer a complete view of its inner courtyard, where the rain magic unfolds. Every 15 minutes, without fail, a heavy downpour falls in the courtyard, creating a relaxing atmosphere. The sound of raindrops, combined with the fragrant smell of coffee, creates a perfect setting for those who find relief in a rainy day.(这家咖啡馆设有全景窗户，可将内部庭院的全貌尽收眼底，而雨 中的奇妙景象便在此上演。每隔 15 分钟，庭院中就会下起倾盆大雨，营造出一种令人放松的氛围。雨滴的 声响与咖啡的香气交织在一起，为那些在雨天寻求慰藉的人们营造出一个完美的环境)”可知，咖啡馆为顾客 们创设了一个非常放松的场所。因此，在这里喝咖啡是令人放松的。故选 A。 (4)题解析： 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 最 后 一 段 “So, if you’ re in Seoul, don’t miss the chance to visit this one- of- a- kind rainy haven.(所以，如果你身处首尔，千万不要错过游览这个独一无二的避雨胜地的机会)”可知，作者的目的就是 为 Rain Report Cafe 这家咖啡馆打广告。故选 C。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·安徽部分校·期中）In comparison with the history of Western theatre, the history of scenic design is short. While the golden age of Greek theatre occurred more than two thousand years ago, the intensive use of scenery in the theatre did not begin until after 1600, and the position of scenic designer — the individual responsible for the visual appearance and function of the scenic and property elements of a theatrical production — did not become a commonly credited production position until the mid-1920s. Robert Edmond Jones is generally acknowledged as among the first credited scenic designers, for a 1915 production of The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife. 11 / 124

The term scenery can include any noncostume visual element used in support of a production. In the context of this article, however, it will be defined as any nonpermanent two- or three-dimensional background or environmental element that is placed on the stage so as to suggest the historical period, location, and mood of the play being performed. While properties — e.g., set props (sofas, chairs, and so forth) and hand props (any noncostume items handled by the actors, such as glassware, or books) — do the same, they generally are not considered to be scenery. There was very little scenery used in Western theatres before the early 1600s. While Greek and Roman plays were performed outdoors in delicate and grand structures, there is little physical evidence to suggest that scenery, as defined above, was used on these stages. Medieval European drama used standardized scenic elements called “mansions” (representations of heaven, and so forth) to describe the various locations needed in the drama that constituted the most part of the period’s plays. Mansions were often mounted in the nave (正厅) of a church, on a platform in front of a church, or in a town square. They were also used in combination with pageant wagons (盛会 马车), usually held between one and three mansions, and were pulled from location to location, and were arranged to create the appropriate setting.

1.What’s the purpose of the author mentioning Greek theatre? A. To illustrate the Greek civilization. B. To tell the advancement of Greece in theatre. C. To tell the short history of the scenic design. D. To explain the significance of Western theatre. 2.The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife is accepted as the symbol of a drama with ______. A. a commonly credited production position B. a good fame for Robert Edmond Jones C. detailed chapters enjoyed by audience D. the first widely approved scenic design 3.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Set props and hand props. B. The definition of scenery. C. Materials placed on the stage. D. The historical period of the play. 4.What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A. “Mansions” quite fit the concept of scenery. B. Greek and Roman plays used mixed scenery. C. Greek and Roman plays used excellent scenery. D. Mansions were movable scenery drawn by horses.

答案：1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A

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解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。介绍了舞台布景设计的发展历史、“舞台布景(scenery)”的定义，以及早期西方戏剧中舞台 布景的使用情况。

(1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“In comparison with the history of Western theatre, the history of scenic design is short. While the golden age of Greek theatre occurred more than two thousand years ago, the intensive use of scenery in the theatre did not begin until after 1600 (与西方戏剧的历史相比，舞台布景设计的历史很短。希腊戏剧的黄金 时代在两千多年前，但舞台布景在戏剧中的广泛使用直到 1600 年后才开始)”可知，作者提及希腊戏剧是为 了说明舞台布景设计的历史较短。故选 C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“Robert Edmond Jones is generally acknowledged as among the first credited scenic designers, for a 1915 production of The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife. (Robert Edmond Jones 被公认为最早获 得署名的舞台布景设计师之一，他参与了 1915 年《娶了哑妻的男人》的制作)”可知，这部剧是首个被广泛 认可的舞台布景设计作品的代表。故选 D。 (3)题解析： 主 旨 大 意 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 “The term scenery can include any noncostume visual element used in support of a production. In the context of this article, however, it will be defined as any nonpermanent two- or three-dimensional background or environmental element (舞台布景一词可以包括任何用于支持制作的非服装视觉元素。然而，在 本文的语境中，它将被定义为任何非永久性的二维或三维背景或环境元素)”可知，本段主要讲的是舞台布景 的定义。故选 B。 (4)题解析： 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 三 段 “Medieval European drama used standardized scenic elements called “mansions” (representations of heaven, and so forth) to describe the various locations needed in the drama (中世纪欧洲戏剧使 用名为“mansions”（天堂等的象征）的标准化舞台元素来呈现戏剧所需的不同场景)”、“to create the appropriate setting (以营造合适的布景)”以及第二段中舞台布景的定义可推知，“mansions”符合舞台布景的概念。故选 A。

主题语境 04 人与社会-科学与技术

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·河北强基联盟-12 月·期中）Cloud storage is a flexible and convenient way to store data with complete peace of mind. It enables you to store your data on hosted servers (服务器). This means you can store all your digital things remotely, without taking up space on your computer. There are two options available: public cloud storage allows you to share hosting space with other users; private cloud storage is the ideal choice for companies who want to have their data stored in their own environment. Cloud storage is very simple to use. Once you have registered and set up your account, you simply save your 13 / 124

files via the Internet using your username and password. This ensures your data remains secure and inaccessible to anyone else. Should you choose, you can put certain permissions in place, which makes it easy to share your data with your colleagues or your family. When you sign up to cloud storage, you can choose the amount of space you need. You can start with a small amount and increase the storage size later on. You can store anything digital; all your files, videos and pictures. Whether you want to use this storage solution to store your family photographs or you want to use it to store your work documentation, you will find it quite convenient. Is it better than your computer or an external drive (硬盘)? The answer is a definite yes. Computers crash all the time. This is the most common cause of lost work and memories. External hard drives can still break, or fail. Here you also have the added risk of misplacing it or having it stolen. There are so many advantages to cloud computing, from the ability to access your data from wherever, whenever, to not needing expensive external storage devices. The only disadvantage, however, is that you need Internet to access files.

1.What is cloud storage? A. To store data with peaceful emotions. B. To store data on remote servers. C. To store data on others’ computers. D. To store data on local machines. 2.How to start cloud storage? A. Register your account via the Internet. B. Keep your data secure and inaccessible. C. Share your password to your families. D. Access your files under permissions. 3.What is the advantage of cloud storage compared to the local machine? A. It decides any amount of space. B. It resets computer system once for all. C. It stores any digital files, videos and pictures. D. It offers secure, cheap and convenient access. 4.What is the best title for the passage? A. Cloud Storage Is Double-edged B. Cloud Storage Needs No Computers C. Cloud Storage Pushes Boundaries D. Cloud Storage Cheaps The Internet

答案：1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C

解析：导语：### 14 / 124

本文是一篇说明文。介绍了现代科技中的新发展：云存储。

(1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“It enables you to store your data on hosted servers (服务器). This means you can store all your digital things remotely, without taking up space on your computer.(它能让你将数据存储在托管服务器上。 这意味着你可以将所有数字内容远程保存，而无需占用电脑上的空间)”可知，云存储是指将数据存储在远程 服务器上。故选 B 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Once you have registered and set up your account, you simply save your files via the internet using your username and password.(一旦你完成注册并设置好账户，你只需通过互联网使用你的用户 名和密码来保存您的文件即可)”可知，通过互联网注册您的账户来开启云存储服务。故选 A 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Is it better than your computer or an external drive (硬盘)? The answer is a definite yes. Computers crash all the time. This is the most common cause of lost work and memories. External hard drives can still break, or fail. Here you also have the added risk of misplacing it or having it stolen. There are so many advantages to cloud computing, from the ability to access your data from wherever, whenever, to not needing expensive external storage devices. The only disadvantage, however, is that you need Internet to access files.(它是 否比你的电脑或者外接硬盘更好呢？答案绝对是肯定的。电脑经常会出现故障。这是导致工作丢失和信息 丢失的最常见原因。外接硬盘也可能出现损坏或者故障的情况。此外，您还面临着丢失它或者被盗取的风 险。云计算有很多优点，比如可以随时随地访问您的数据，而且无需使用昂贵的外接存储设备。然而，唯一 的缺点是您需要网络才能访问文件)”可知，与本地设备相比，云存储的优势是提供了安全、经济且便捷的访 问方式。故选 D 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“It enables you to store your data on hosted servers (服务器). This means you can store all your digital things remotely, without taking up space on your computer.(它能让你将数据存储在托管服务器上。 这意味着你可以将所有数字内容远程保存，而无需占用电脑上的空间)”以及本篇文章介绍了云存储的特点： 通过网络，安全的存储、方便的远程访问，超越了本地机的一些限制，故 C 项“云存储突破（数字时代的某 些）界限”最符合文章标题。故选 C 项。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·浙江台金七校联考·期中）Rising carbon dioxide levels and climate change are reshaping the environments in which crops grow, and one urgent consequence is an increased risk of plant disease. There is a real danger that some infections could spread more widely across climates — potentially leading to agricultural disasters. To reduce this risk, seed companies and plant scientists should work together now to build a library of useful crop genes before it’s too late. Part of the problem is that centuries of selective breeding have made the genomes (基因组) of most valuable 15 / 124

crops very narrow. They grow great in today’s conditions, but become less able to cope with change. A small or previously unknown disease could spread rapidly through a genetically uniform crop, driving global prices sharply upward and causing widespread malnutrition and suffering. Fortunately, the threat has a clear solution. All crops have wild relatives that are not useful for farming but carry much more genetic variety that can protect crops against future pathogens (病原体). As insurance, those genes should be stored — usually as seeds — until they are needed to be put into a crop’s genome. Nevertheless, the current gene banks have too few samples of two-thirds of the relevant wild relatives, and many species are not stored at all. You might expect large agribusinesses to help. Yet firms like Bayer and Syngenta still treat future-proofing crops as a government job, finding it too uncertain to attract commercial investment. Academic plant scientists can also help, but the work is routine and gets little reward. Curing an outbreak builds careers; preventing a possible one brings little recognition. To act, plant scientists need motivations — pay and research funding. Major funders, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, must shift money toward preparing for future threats. Another barrier is political considerations. The U.S. National Science Foundation is said to reject proposals that mention “climate change,” because some politicians deny it. Europe also needs to change its cautious attitude to genetic engineering. Gene editing will be essential, even if it makes some European consumers and policymakers uneasy. The sooner they accept it, the better.

1.Why are some small diseases likely to infect crops rapidly? A. The price of curing such diseases is too high. B. The change brought by global warming is dramatic. C. The genomes that resist diseases are removed from most crops. D. Natural genetic variation is lost due to long-term artificial selection. 2.What’s an obvious solution to new diseases for crops? A. Buying insurance for all crops at the bank. B. Storing seed samples of wild crop relatives. C. Putting protective genomes into all crops. D. Reducing genetic variety of future pathogens. 3.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A. Large companies are enthusiastic about government jobs. B. Plant scientists offer considerable help to earn recognition. C. European countries consider genetic editing as a vital step. D. Political ideas partly get in the way of genetic engineering. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A. Crop Yields in the Future Century B. Preserving Rare Seeds Against Future Pathogens

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C. Building a Gene Library Before Crop Diseases Worsen D. Funding and Investment to Boost Agricultural Innovation

答案：1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章指出气候变化增加了作物病害风险，因作物基因单一易受感染。作者建议建立作物 野生近缘种基因库，并呼吁加强资金投入、克服政治障碍以应对未来农业威胁。 (1)题解析： 细节理解 题。根据文章 第二段中的 “Part of the problem is that centuries of selective breeding have made the genomes(基因组) of most valuable crops very narrow. They grow great in today’s conditions, but become less able to cope with change. A small or previously unknown disease could spread rapidly through a genetically uniform crop, driving global prices sharply upward and causing widespread malnutrition and suffering.(部分原因在于，数百年 来的有选择性培育使得大多数重要农作物的基因组变得非常单一。它们在现在的条件下生长得很好，但应 对变化的能力却降低了。一种微小或以前未知的疾病可能会在基因单一的作物中迅速传播，推动全球价格 急剧上涨，并导致广泛的营养不良和问题。)”可知，由于长期的人工选择，大多数重要农作物的基因组变得 非常单一，应对变化的能力下降，由此导致一些小疾病可能迅速感染作物。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“All crops have wild relatives that are not useful for farming but carry much more genetic variety that can protect crops against future pathogens (病原体). As insurance, those genes should be stored — usually as seeds — until they are needed to be put into a crop’s genome.(所有作物都有野生近亲，这些 近亲对农业没有用处，但携带更多的遗传变异，可以保护作物免受未来病原体的侵害。作为保险，这些基因 应该被储存起来——通常以种子的形式——直到需要它们被放入作物的基因组中。)”可知，储存野生作物近 亲的种子样本是应对新作物疾病的一个明显解决方案。故选 B 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中“Yet firms like Bayer and Syngenta still treat future-proofing crops as a government job, finding it too uncertain to attract commercial investment.(然而，像拜耳和先正达这样的公司仍 然将未来抗灾作物视为政府的工作，认为这太不确定，无法吸引商业投资。)”和最后一段中“Another barrier is political considerations. The U.S. National Science Foundation is said to reject proposals that mention “climate change,” because some politicians deny it. Europe also needs to change its cautious attitude to genetic engineering.(另 一个障碍是政治考虑。据说美国国家科学基金会拒绝提及“气候变化”的提案，因为一些政客否认这一点。欧 洲也需要改变其对基因工程的谨慎态度。)”可知，政治观念在一定程度上阻碍了基因工程的发展。故选 D 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“To reduce this risk, seed companies and plant scientists should work together now to build a library of useful crop genes before it’s too late.(为了降低这种风险，种子公司和植物科学家现在 应该共同努力，在为时已晚之前建立一个有用的作物基因库。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了由于气

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候变化和人工选择导致的作物遗传多样性减少，以及由此带来的作物疾病风险增加的问题，并提出了建立 作物基因库作为解决方案。因此，C 项“Building a Gene Library Before Crop Diseases Worsen(在作物疾病恶化 之前建立基因库)”最符合文章主旨。故选 C 项。

主题语境 05 人与自我-生活与学习

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上· 湖北部分省级示范高中· 期中）Vacations are being redefined to improve your wellness experiences. The new buzzword is “sleep tourism” and the focus is on ensuring that you rest well at night and actually return from your vacation feeling refreshed. When away, vacationers traditionally like to make use of every second of the day. They rush from site to site, eat meals at all hours of the day, and treat themselves at night. And when finally returning to their hotel rooms at night, they find it hard to sleep. Besides, downtown hotels may be centrally located, with noisy traffic and flashing city lights pervading (弥漫). Also, many people simply do not sleep well when away from their own beds. All these factors lead to pain, allergies and hormonal issues, making sleep challenging. “Sleep tourism” addresses these issues and more. Special sleep suites have been thoughtfully designed to offer quiet and darkness. Hotels are investing in artificial intelligence mattresses (床垫) that adjust temperature and have cushions to relieve pressure points. The mattresses can also track sleep statistics and offer vacationers feedback on their sleep patterns. Sleep suites are a huge advance in tourism and are now found in wellness hotels around the world. Each offers different ways of inducing sleep, according to Condé Nast Traveler. Many provide a menu of relaxing teas and a tailored bed. No matter which sleep suite you choose, the goal is to sleep well so you can improve your health and well-being. Sinking into a comfortable bed should be the best part of a trip! The hope is that more hotels adapt to this wellness trend and return to the original purpose of a hotel room, which is sleep! Now you can tour around by day and have sweet dreams by night.

1.According to the text, what is the new trend in vacationing? A. Partying all night. B. Eating at special hours. C. Sleeping well on holiday. D. Rushing from site to site. 2.How do sleep suites improve the sleep experience for guests? A. By serving a wide variety of food. B. By introducing mattresses with AI technology. C. By offering in-room entertainment systems. D. By ensuring complete darkness in the rooms. 18 / 124

3.The underlined word “inducing” in Paragraph 4 probably means “________”. A. promoting. B. preventing. C. causing. D. affecting. 4.What can we infer about the future of hotels from the passage? A. All hotels will have artificial intelligence mattresses. B. Traditional hotels will disappear because of “sleep tourism”. C. More hotels will focus on providing better sleep experiences. D. Downtown hotels will move to quieter areas to avoid traffic noise.

答案：1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为解决游客在旅游过程出现睡眠问题的一种旅游形式——睡眠旅游。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The new buzzword is “sleep tourism” and the focus is on ensuring that you rest well at night and actually return from your vacation feeling refreshed.(新的流行词是“睡眠旅游”，其重点是确保你在 晚上休息得很好，假期结束后感觉神清气爽。)”可知，度假的新趋势是“度假时睡好”。故选 C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Hotels are investing in artificial intelligence mattresses (床垫) that adjust temperature and have cushions to relieve pressure points. The mattresses can also track sleep statistics and offer vacationers feedback on their sleep patterns.(酒店正在投资人工智能床垫，它可以调节温度，并有缓冲来缓解压力点。这 些床垫还可以跟踪睡眠统计数据，并为度假者提供睡眠模式的反馈。)”可知，人工智能床垫能调节温度、缓 解压力点、追踪睡眠数据并反馈，直接提升睡眠体验；由此可知，睡眠套房通过引入人工智能床垫来改善客 人睡眠。故选 B。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段中划线词下文“Many provide a menu of relaxing teas and a tailored bed. No matter which sleep suite you choose, the goal is to sleep well so you can improve your health and well-being. Sinking into a comfortable bed should be the best part of a trip!(许多套房还提供一系列舒缓的茶饮以及定制的床铺。无论您 选择哪种睡眠套房，其目的都是让您能睡个好觉，从而改善您的健康和生活质量。)”可知，套房所提供的舒 缓的茶饮以及定制的床铺都是促进睡眠的方法，“Each offers different ways of inducing sleep(每间套房都提供 了不同的 inducing 睡眠方式。)”中的 inducing 表示“促进”，与 promoting 同义。故选 A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。文章最后一段“The hope is that more hotels adapt to this wellness trend and return to the original purpose of a hotel room, which is sleep!(希望更多的酒店适应这种健康趋势，回归酒店房间的最初目的，那就 是睡觉！)”明确呼吁希望更多酒店适应睡眠旅游这一健康趋势，回归酒店房间的初衷——提供睡眠；由此可 推测，未来更多酒店会专注于提供更好的睡眠体验。故选 C。

Passage 2

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（25-26 高二上· 福建福宁五校联合体·期中）When we’re tired or injured, we often go to bed earlier to recharge and mend our bodies. That’s because we often think that night is a golden time to deal with stress or injuries. But is it true? Nathaniel Hoyle, a scientist of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology m Cambridge, UK, has been leading a study into this topic. The team discovered that fibroblast cells (成纤维细胞) in the body switch off at night. These cells help close up a wound after the skin is broken and lay a foundation for new skin to grow. Why exactly are these cells less active at night? It’s all to do with your body’s circadian (昼夜节律的) rhythm — a 24-hour internal clock that helps your cells do their jobs on time. New Scientist reported that a group of 30 genes that control the fibroblasts worked only daytime shifts, causing the slower healing process at night. To test its theory, the Cambridge-based team examined data from the International Burn Injury Database, which records details of burn victims around the world. This analysis revealed that nighttime burns, on average, took 11 more days to heal than burns during the day. A similar result occurred while experimenting using live mice. Those that were cut during night-time hours recovered more slowly than those during the day. “You can see by eyes, when the cell is wounded only 8 hours apart from each other, in different circadian periods, the daytime wounded ones take off, and the nighttime ones drag,” research team member John O’Neill told Science Alert. He added, “The time-varying response may be an evolutionary adaptation. As people are more likely to sustain injuries when awake than when sleeping, perhaps our bodies are prepared to respond more quickly in the daytime.” He went on to say that it could be beneficial to schedule surgeries in time with people’s circadian rhythms, earlier for early birds and later for night owls, in order to lessen recovery time. However, in any case, it might be best not to use anything sharp once the sun goes down.

1.Why does the author mention people going to bed earlier when tired or injured? A. To list common methods of recharging the body. B. To explain why people suffer from injuries easily. C. To prove sleep is the only method to deal with stress. D. To arouse readers’ interest in the truth of night healing. 2.What do the researchers find during their research? A. Burns take the same time to heal regardless of their cut time. B. Fibroblast cells boost the healing by working nighttime shift. C. Mice respond differently in the healing process from humans. D. A body’s circadian rhythm matters in waking up fibroblast cells. 3.How might scheduling surgeries according to circadian rhythms help patients? A. It can reduce the risk of surgery failure. B. It can reduce the pain felt during surgery. C. It can shorten the recovery time after surgery. D. It can help patients wake up faster after surgery.

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4.What can be a suitable title for this passage? A. A Study Offers Clues to Treating Injuries B. Why We Heal Injuries Better in the Daytime C. How We Heal Wounds and Injuries Effectively D. Scientists Unlock the Secret to Avoiding Injuries

答案：1. D 2. D 3. C 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕“人体在白天和夜晚受伤后愈合情况不同”这一现象展开，介绍了英国剑桥 分子生物学实验室科学家 Nathaniel Hoyle 带领团队进行的相关研究，包括研究过程、发现以及根据研究结 果提出的建议等。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。第一段“When we’re tired or injured, we often go to bed earlier to recharge and mend our bodies. That’s because we often think that night is a golden time to deal with stress or injuries. But is it true? (当我们感到 疲倦或受伤时，往往会提前入睡以恢复体力和修复身体。这是因为我们通常认为夜晚是应对压力或伤痛的 黄金时段。但这种观点是否正确？)”先指出人们常认为夜晚是处理压力或受伤的黄金时间，接着用“But is it true?”提出疑问，引发读者对于夜晚是否真的能更好地治愈受伤这一真相的兴趣。故选 D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“It’s all to do with your body’s circadian (昼夜节律的) rhythm — a 24 - hour internal clock that helps your cells do their jobs on time. New Scientist reported that a group of 30 genes that control the fibroblasts worked only daytime shifts, causing the slower healing process at night. (这与人体的昼夜节律密切相 关——一种 24 小时的内部时钟，可确保细胞按预定时间完成功能。《新科学家》杂志报道，一组调控成纤维 细胞的 30 个基因仅在白天发挥作用，导致夜间愈合过程减缓。)”可知，人体的昼夜节律会影响成纤维细胞 的工作，一组控制成纤维细胞的 30 个基因只在白天工作，导致夜晚愈合过程较慢，即人体的昼夜节律在唤 醒成纤维细胞方面很重要。故选 D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“He went on to say that it could be beneficial to schedule surgeries in time with people’s circadian rhythms, earlier for early birds and later for night owls, in order to lessen recovery time. (他进一步指出， 根据人体昼夜节律安排手术时间可能具有临床意义：早起者可安排在清晨时段，夜猫子则可安排在夜间时 段，从而缩短术后恢复时间。)”可知，根据昼夜节律安排手术，早起的人早点安排，夜猫子晚点安排，可以 缩短术后恢复时间，故选 C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章开篇提出人们认为夜晚是处理受伤的黄金时间这一观点，接着通过研究指出人体昼夜节 律影响成纤维细胞工作，导致白天受伤愈合更快，最后提到根据昼夜节律安排手术可缩短恢复时间。整体围 绕“为什么我们在白天愈合受伤更好”展开。B 选项“为什么我们在白天愈合受伤更好”，符合文章主旨，适合

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作标题，故选 B。

Passage 3

（25-26 高二上·安徽 A10 联盟-11 月·期中）One of the most important medical advances in the 20th century was the discovery of antibiotics(抗生素). The first antibiotic was introduced in 1910 and changed modern medicine significantly. Penicillin was discovered in 1928, and these medications that could kill bacteria extended people’s average lifetime by 23 years. However, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have also changed and adapted, and the bacteria are winning. New research from Tel Aviv University(TAU) in Israel has found a way to get the better of bacteria and shut down its defense systems when transferring(转移)DNA．The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is how these bacteria change and adapt. During this process, known as conjugation(接合), one bacterial cell attaches to another through a small tube, allowing the transfer of genetic material called plasmids(质粒). Bruria Samuel, a PhD student working with Professor David Burstein at TAU’s Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, led the study published in Nature. Samuel analyzed 33,000 plasmids and identified the gene that allowed plasmids to pass by bacterial defense mechanisms when transferring DNA．The team used plasmids that give antibiotic resistance and put them into bacteria with CRISPR, a defense system that can target and destroy DNA. The location of anti-defense systems on plasmids determines whether the bacterium can overcome the CRISPR system or if it will die. Understanding how this positioning works means that antibiotic-resistant genes could be blocked effectively. The research could help design effective plasmids for changing natural bacterial populations. According to Burstein, this may help block antibiotic resistance genes in hospitals, teach bacteria to break down pollutants, and improve human health through gut bacteria. Additionally, modified bacteria could be used in agriculture and food technology to protect against foodborne illness.

1.Why does the author mention the discovery of antibiotics in paragraph 1? A. To compare different medical advances. B. To show the history of antibiotic research. C. To recommend a way to live a longer life. D. To introduce its value and a related challenge. 2.What do we know about conjugation? A. It helps bacteria destroy all the plasmids. B. It is a system stopping antibiotic resistance. C. It enables bacteria to turn plasmids into CRISPR. D. It lets bacteria transfer DNA through a small tube. 3.What did Bruria Samuel do in the study? 22 / 124

A. He analyzed plasmids to find a gene. B. He destroyed bacteria with CRISPR. C. He collected data from previous researches. D. He employed bacteria to break down pollutants. 4.What can be inferred about the research? A. It only benefits in hospital settings. B. It aims to reduce bacterial population. C. It may have broad implications. D. It will stop antibiotic resistance totally.

答案：1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了 20 世纪抗生素的发现及其面临的耐药性挑战。以色列 TAU 大学研究揭示 细菌转移质粒机制，为克服抗生素耐药性、改造细菌应用于农业和健康领域提供了新思路。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容“One of the most important medical advances in the 20th century was the discovery of antibiotics ( 抗 生 素). The first antibiotic was introduced in 1910 and changed modern medicine significantly. Penicillin was discovered in 1928, and these medications that could kill bacteria extended people’s average lifetime by 23 years. However, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have also changed and adapted, and the bacteria are winning. (20 世纪最重要的医学进步之一是抗生素的发现。第一种抗生素于 1910 年问世，极大地改变了 现代医学。青霉素于 1928 年被发现，这些能够杀死细菌的药物使人们的平均寿命延长了 23 年。然而，具 有抗生素耐药性的细菌也发生了变化和适应，细菌正在获胜。)”可知，作者在第一段提到抗生素的发现，一 方面展示了抗生素的巨大价值，即延长了人们的寿命，改变了现代医学；另一方面也引出了与之相关的一个 挑战，即抗生素耐药性细菌的出现和适应，细菌正在占据上风。所以作者提到抗生素的发现是为了介绍其价 值和一个相关的挑战。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“During this process, known as conjugation(接合), one bacterial cell attaches to another through a small tube, allowing the transfer of genetic material called plasmids (质粒). (在这个过程中， 被称为接合，一个细菌细胞通过一个小管附着在另一个细菌细胞上，允许被称为质粒的遗传物质的转移。)” 可知，接合的作用是让细菌通过一个小管转移 DNA。故选 D 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Bruria Samuel, a PhD student working with Professor David Burstein at TAU’s Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, led the study published in Nature. Samuel analyzed 33,000 plasmids and identified the gene that allowed plasmids to pass by bacterial defense mechanisms when transferring DNA. (Bruria Samuel 是一名博士生，与特拉维夫大学 Shmunis 生物医学和癌症研究学院的 David Burstein 教

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授一起工作，领导了发表在《自然》杂志上的这项研究。Samuel 分析了 33,000 个质粒，并确定了在转移 DNA 时允许质粒通过细菌防御机制的基因。)”可知，Bruria Samuel 在研究中分析了质粒以找到一个基因。故选 A 项。

(4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The research could help design effective plasmids for changing natural bacterial populations. According to Burstein, this may help block antibiotic resistance genes in hospitals, teach bacteria to break down pollutants, and improve human health through gut bacteria. Additionally, modified bacteria could be used in agriculture and food technology to protect against foodborne illness. (这项研究可以帮助设计有效的质粒来改 变自然细菌种群。根据 Burstein 的说法，这可能有助于在医院阻断抗生素耐药性基因，教会细菌分解污染 物，并通过肠道细菌改善人类健康。此外，经过改造的细菌可用于农业和食品技术，以预防食源性疾病。)” 可知，这项研究可能有很多方面的应用，不仅仅局限于医院，对农业、食品技术等也有影响，所以可以推断 出这项研究可能有广泛的影响。故选 C 项。

主题语境 06 人与自然-环境

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·浙江四校联考·期中）Environmental Protection Our planet is giving us life, but now it needs our help. Environmental problems are becoming more serious every day. When we look around, we can see many issues that need our attention. Air pollution is one of the biggest problems. Factories release dark smoke into the sky, and cars produce harmful gases. This dirty air can make people sick, especially children and the elderly. In some cities, people have to wear masks when they go outside. Water pollution is equally bad. Many factories pour waste directly into rivers and lakes, killing fish and making the water unsafe to drink. Have you ever seen a river full of plastic bottles and garbage? It’s heartbreaking to watch. Another serious issue is deforestation. People are cutting down trees to build houses and factories. This destroys the homes of many animals like birds, squirrels, and monkeys. Without trees, the soil becomes loose and can lead to landslides (山体滑坡) during heavy rain. Moreover, trees help clean the air we breathe, so losing them makes air pollution even worse. But don’t worry — there are many things we can do to help. First, we should practice the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Instead of throwing everything away, we can use things longer and separate our trash. For example, we can bring our own bags when shopping instead of using plastic bags. Second, saving energy is crucial. Remember to turn off lights when leaving a room and unplug electronic devices when not in use. Even taking shorter showers can save both water and the energy needed to heat it. Furthermore, we can participate in tree-planting activities in our community. If every student plants just one tree, together we can create a small forest! We can also join clean-up events at nearby parks or beaches. These activities 24 / 124

not only help the environment but also bring people together. Most importantly, we need to learn about environmental protection and share this knowledge with others. Talk to your family and friends about why protecting our planet matters. Small actions, when done by many people, can create huge changes.

1.What are the main types of pollution mentioned in the passage? A. Air and soil pollution. B. Water and noise pollution. C. Air and water pollution. D. Light and soil pollution. 2.According to the passage, what are two benefits of planting trees? A. Reducing noise and providing food. B. Cleaning the air and preventing landslides. C. Saving water and creating shade. D. Producing carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) and making cities beautiful. 3.The word “deforestation” in the third passage means: A. Cutting down trees in large areas. B. Protecting trees from being cut. C. Planting more forests. D. Studying different types of forests. 4.What does the author suggest we can do with plastic bags? A. Burn them. B. Bury them in soil. C. Throw them in rivers. D. Reuse them.

答案：1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了当前严峻的环境问题（空气污染、水污染、森林砍伐），并提出了“3R 原则、 节约能源、植树造林”等具体环保措施，呼吁人们共同保护地球。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Air pollution is one of the biggest problems.(空气污染是最大的问题之一)”和 “Water pollution is equally bad.(水污染也同样严重)”可知，文章主要提到了空气污染和水污染两种污染类型。 故选 C 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Without trees, the soil becomes loose and can lead to landslides (山体滑坡) during

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heavy rain. Moreover, trees help clean the air we breathe, so losing them makes air pollution even worse.(没有树 木，土壤会变得松散，在大雨期间可能导致山体滑坡。此外，树木有助于净化我们呼吸的空气，因此，失去 它们会使空气污染更加严重)”可知，植树的两大好处是净化空气和防止山体滑坡。故选 B 项。

(3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“People are cutting down trees to build houses and factories. This destroys the homes of many animals like birds, squirrels, and monkeys.(人们砍伐树木建造房屋和工厂。这破坏了许多动物的家园， 比如鸟类、松鼠和猴子)”可知，“deforestation”指的是“大面积砍伐树木”。故选 A 项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Instead of throwing everything away, we can use things longer and separate our trash. For example, we can bring our own bags when shopping instead of using plastic bags.(与其把所有东西都扔 掉，我们可以延长物品的使用时间并分类垃圾。例如，我们可以在购物时自带袋子，而不是使用塑料袋)”可 知，作者建议重复使用塑料袋。故选 D 项。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·浙江浙南名校联盟-11 月· 期中）Biodiversity, the foundation of ecosystems and human societies, is crucial to maintaining essential ecological processes. However, it is declining globally, with Asia — a region rich in biodiversity — facing significant threats from human activities and climate change. These challenges are damaging ecosystems across the region, from mangroves (红树林) in the Sundarbans to Japan’s northern islands. Deforestation and Land Use Change Deforestation and changes in land use are major threats to biodiversity. Increasing population pressures and agricultural expansion lead to the change of forests into farmland, urban areas, and industrial zones. Southeast Asia, particularly countries like Indonesia and Myanmar, experiences some of the world’s highest deforestation rates as forests are cleared for palm oil plantations or infrastructure (基础设施) projects. This loss and breaking up of habitats endanger species by affecting their ability to feed and reproduce. Pollution and Overuse Pollution and the overuse of resources also degrade ecosystems. Industrial activities, such as Bangladesh’s textile industry, release untreated wastewater into rivers, destroying aquatic habitats and harming downstream communities. Overfishing and illegal wildlife trade further endanger species, leading to ecosystem imbalances. Climate Change and Extreme Weather Climate change worsens these problems by increasing the frequency of cyclones, floods, and droughts. Seaside habitats like the Bay of Bengal’s mangrove forests face severe problems due to rising sea levels, which cause saltwater spread and threaten both biodiversity and livelihoods. The IPCC warns that extreme weather is likely to increase in South and Southeast Asia. Invasive Species and Disease Invasive alien species pose another serious risk. For instance, the apple snail, introduced to Southeast Asia from 26 / 124

South America, now affects 1.4 million hectares of rice fields in the Philippines, reducing crop yields and threatening native species. Addressing these interconnected challenges requires coordinated global efforts, sustainable practices, and policies to protect Asia’s rich biodiversity for future generations.

1.What harm has Bangladesh’s textile industry caused to biodiversity? A. Expansion of rice fields. B. Overfishing in seaside waters. C. River pollution from untreated wastewater. D. Clearing mangroves for urban development. 2.Which region is significantly affected by extreme weather and sea-level rise? A. The Sundarbans. B. The Bay of Bengal. C. Japan’s northern islands. D. Southeast Asian rainforests. 3.What can be inferred as key contributing factors to biodiversity loss in Asia? A. Lack of environmental protection policies. B. Growing population and human production activities. C. Habitat loss and invasive alien species. D. Frequent extreme weather and rising sea levels.

答案：1. C 2. B 3. B

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。文章讲述亚洲生物多样性丰富却受森林砍伐、污染、气候变化、外来物种入侵等多重威胁， 需全球协同采取可持续举措与政策加以保护。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Industrial activities, such as Bangladesh’s textile industry, release untreated wastewater into rivers, destroying aquatic habitats and harming downstream communities. (孟加拉国的纺织业等工业活动将 未经处理的废水排入河流，破坏水生栖息地并危害下游社区。)”可知，孟加拉国纺织业的危害是未经处理的 废水造成河流污染。故选 C 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Climate change worsens these problems by increasing the frequency of cyclones, floods, and droughts. Seaside habitats like the Bay of Bengal’s mangrove forests face severe problems due to rising sea levels, which cause saltwater spread and threaten both biodiversity and livelihoods. The IPCC warns that extreme weather is likely to increase in South and Southeast Asia.(气候变化通过增加飓风、洪水和干旱的发生频率，加剧了这些 问题。孟加拉湾红树林等滨海栖息地因海平面上升遭遇严峻挑战，海水入侵现象蔓延，既威胁生物多样性，

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也危及民生。IPCC（政府间气候变化专门委员会）警告，南亚和东南亚地区的极端天气可能会愈发频繁。)” 可知，孟加拉湾受极端天气和海平面上升影响显著。故选 B 项。

(3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“Increasing population pressures and agricultural expansion lead to the change of forests into farmland, urban areas, and industrial zones. (人口压力增加和农业扩张导致森林转变为农田、城市区域和 工业区。)”、第三段“Industrial activities, such as Bangladesh’s textile industry, release untreated wastewater into rivers, destroying aquatic habitats and harming downstream communities. Overfishing and illegal wildlife trade further endanger species, leading to ecosystem imbalances.(诸如孟加拉国纺织业等工业活动，将未经处理的废 水排入河流，既破坏水生栖息地，又危害下游社区。过度捕捞与非法野生动物贸易则进一步危及物种生存， 导致生态系统失衡。)”可知，人口增长和人类生产活动是亚洲生物多样性丧失的关键推动因素。故选 B 项。

Passage 3

（25-26 高二上·安徽 A10 联盟-11 月·期中）A new study has revealed for the first time that ancient carbon, stored in landscapes for thousands of years or more, can find its way back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO₂) released (释放) from the surfaces of rivers. Rivers transport and release CO₂ as part of the global carbon cycle. Until now, scientists believed the majority of this was a quick turnover originating from the recycling of recent plant growth— organic material broken down and carried into the river system in the past 70 years or so. However, this new study indicates more than half— some 60%— of emissions (排放) come from long-term carbon stores collected over thousands of years ago. Lead author Dr Josh Dean said, “The results took us by surprise because it turns out that old carbon stores are leaking out much more into the atmosphere than previously thought. We don’t yet know how humans affect this flow of ancient carbon, but plants must absorb more carbon from the atmosphere today to account for this recognized release of old carbon.” The international research team studied more than 700 river reaches from 26 different countries across the world. They took detailed radiocarbon measurements of CO₂ from the rivers. By comparing the levels of carbon-14 in the target rivers with a standard reference for modern atmospheric CO₂, the team was able to date the river carbon. Co-author Dr Gemma Coxon said, “Rivers globally release about two billion tonnes of carbon each year, compared to human activity that results in about 13 billion tonnes of carbon emissions. These river emissions are significant at a global scale, and over half of these emissions may be coming from carbon stores we considered relatively stable (稳定的). This means we need to re-evaluate these crucial parts of the global carbon cycle.” Further building on these findings, the researchers plan to explore how the age of river carbon emissions varies across rivers the study was not able to capture, as well as investigating how the age of these emissions may have changed through time.

1.What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A. The global carbon cycle is always stable. 28 / 124

B. It took decades to complete the new study. C. River carbon emissions have long been ignored. D. The new study proved the previous belief wrong. 2.What do Dr Josh Dean’s words imply? A. The recognized old carbon will be beneficial. B. The release of ancient carbon is underestimated. C. Plants fail to absorb carbon from the atmosphere. D. Human activity boosts the flow of ancient carbon. 3.What is Dr Gemma Coxon’s advice? A. Investigating the impact of human activity. B. Making full use of long-term carbon stores. C. Paying more attention to river carbon emissions. D. Ensuring plants’ role in radiocarbon measurements. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Rivers Are Releasing Ancient Carbon into Air B. Carbon Emissions Are Being Measured Globally C. A New Carbon Cycle Research Method Is Found D. Plants Help Fight Against Climate Change Greatly

答案：1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新研究，该研究首次揭示了封存数千年甚至更久远的古代碳会通过河 流重返大气。这表明，全球碳循环中曾被视作稳定的部分正在流失，亟需重新评估其影响。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“Until now, scientists believed the majority of this was a quick turnover originating from the recycling of recent plant growth— organic material broken down and carried into the river system in the past 70 years or so. However, this new study indicates more than half— some 60%— of emissions (排放) come from long-term carbon stores collected over thousands of years ago.(直到现在，科学家们还认为，这其中的大部分是来自 近期植物生长的快速循环——有机物质在过去的 70 年左右被分解并带入河流系统。然而，这项新研究表明， 超过一半——约 60%——的排放来自数千年前积累的长期碳储存。)”可知，新研究证明之前认为河流二氧化 碳排放主要来自近期植物生长循环的观点是错误的，新研究推翻了之前的观点。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Lead author Dr Josh Dean said, ‘The results took us by surprise because it turns out that old carbon stores are leaking out much more into the atmosphere than previously thought. We don’t yet know how humans affect this flow of ancient carbon, but plants must absorb more carbon from the atmosphere today to account

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for this recognized release of old carbon.’(主要作者 Josh Dean 博士说：‘结果让我们大吃一惊，因为事实证明， 古老的碳储存向大气中泄漏的远比我们之前认为的要多。我们尚不清楚人类如何影响这种古老碳的流动， 但如今植物必须从大气中吸收更多的碳，以解释这种被确认的古老碳的释放。’)”可知，Josh Dean 博士的话 表明古老碳的释放量比之前认为的要多，即古老碳的释放被低估了。故选 B 项。

(3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“Co-author Dr Gemma Coxon said, ‘Rivers globally release about two billion tonnes of carbon each year, compared to human activity that results in about 13 billion tonnes of carbon emissions. These river emissions are significant at a global scale, and over half of these emissions may be coming from carbon stores we considered relatively stable (稳定的). This means we need to re-evaluate these crucial parts of the global carbon cycle.’(共同作者 Gemma Coxon 博士说：‘全球河流每年释放约 20 亿吨碳，而人类活动导致的碳排放约为 130 亿吨。这些河流排放在全球范围内具有重要意义，其中超过一半的排放可能来自我们认为相对稳定的碳储 存。这意味着我们需要重新评估全球碳循环的这些关键部分。’)”可知，Gemma Coxon 博士认为河流碳排放 在全球范围内很重要，且很多来自相对稳定的碳储存，所以需要重新评估，这意味着要更加关注河流碳排 放。故选 C 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study has revealed for the first time that ancient carbon, stored in landscapes for thousands of years or more, can find its way back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2) released (释放) from the surfaces of rivers.(一项新研究首次揭示，储存在景观中数千年或更长时间的古老碳，可以作为二氧化碳 (CO2)从河流表面释放回大气中。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要围绕一项新研究展开，该研究发现河流表 面释放的二氧化碳中有很大一部分来自古老的碳储存，所以“Rivers Are Releasing Ancient Carbon into Air(河 流正在向空气中释放古老碳)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选 A 项。

Passage 4

（25-26 高二上·安徽部分校·期中）Cities are where the majority of the population lives. Also, 90 percent of global GDP is generated in urban areas. All the essential necessities needed for a human settlement — energy, transport, water, shelter, food, construction materials, green and public spaces, waste management — come together in urban areas. So there’s an opportunity to transform these systems. You can think about getting to net zero from a supply — side part — using renewable, or green, energy for power supply and transport — which is what I think dominates the conversation. But to get to net zero, you need to also shape the demand, or consumption side: reduce the demand for energy. But we haven’t done enough research to understand what policies and urban designs help reduce demand in cities. Most national plans focus largely on the supply side. You also need to figure out ways to create carbon sinks: that is, remove carbon from the atmosphere to help offset the greenhouse gas emissions (排放) from burning fossil fuels These three — renewable energy supply, demand reduction through efficient urban design and lifestyle changes, 30 / 124

and carbon sinks — are the broad strategies to get to net zero.

How can a city tackle demand? Reducing demand for energy can be through efficiency — using less energy for the same services. This can be done through better land — use planning, and through behavior and lifestyle changes. Transportation is a great example. So much energy is spent in moving people, and most of that personal mobility happens in cities. But better urban planning can reduce vehicle travel substantially. Mitigating sprawl (缓解城市蔓 延) is one of the biggest ways to reduce demand for travel and thus reduce travel emissions. In India, for example, Ahmedabad has planned better to reduce urban sprawl, compared to Bangalore, where sprawl is huge.

1.What is the author’s advice about net zero besides using renewables? A. Limit our need for sources. B. Add more waste management. C. Focus less on the supply side. D. Plant trees around settlements. 2.What do heat and O₃ belong to? A. Indirect effect of human-driven and natural activities. B. By-products of wastes thrown by people in settlements. C. Gases produced by materials and energy from exports D. Natural sources gained from the renewable materials 3.Ahmedabad is an example for ________. A. huge sprawl B. less vehicle travel C. much energy consumption D. efficient land-use planning

答案：1. A 2. A 3. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕城市实现净零排放的策略展开，指出除了供应侧的可再生能源使用，还需关注 需求侧的能源消耗减少及碳汇创造，并以交通领域为例说明高效城市规划的重要性。

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(1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But to get to net zero, you need to also shape the demand, or consumption side: reduce the demand for energy.(但要实现净零排放，你还需要调整需求侧或消费侧：减少能源需求。)”可知， 作者除了建议使用可再生能源（供应侧），还建议减少对能源的需求，故选 A 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据图示以及 Driven by human-driven activities(人类活动驱动) ；Driven by natural processes (自 然过程驱动)； Indirect effects(间接影响)可知，热量与臭氧（O₃）属于人类活动与自然活动的间接影响。故 选 A 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“But better urban planning can reduce vehicle travel substantially. Mitigating sprawl (缓解城市蔓延) is one of the biggest ways to reduce demand for travel and thus reduce travel emissions. In India, for example, Ahmedabad has planned better to reduce urban sprawl, compared to Bangalore, where sprawl is huge.(但更合理的城市规划能大幅减少机动车出行。缓解城市蔓延是降低出行需求、进而减少交通排放的最 关键方式之一。例如在印度，与城市蔓延问题严重的班加罗尔相比，艾哈迈达巴德通过更科学的规划，有效 遏制了城市无序扩张。)”可知，艾哈迈达巴德是“高效土地利用规划”的例子。故选 D 项。

主题语境 07 人与自然-自然生态

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·浙江强基联盟 A 卷-11 月·期中）The following four books highlight women’s leadership in climate action, with a special focus on the vital role of young women. The Quickening: Creation and Community at the ends of the Earth by Elizabeth Rush (Milkweed Editions ²⁰²³⁄₂₀₂₄) It documents a 2019 exploration to Thwaites Glacier, which is critical to global sea-level rise. Besides recording the groundbreaking voyage, the book explores a personal question: What does it mean to have a child in extreme climate changes? The Quickening is an astonishing, vital book about Antarctica, climate change, and motherhood. Climate Anxiety and the Kid Question: Deciding Whether to Have Children in an Uncertain Future by Jade Sasser (Princeton University Press 2024) Climate Anxiety and the Kid Question is the first comprehensive study on how environmental emotions like eco-anxiety and climate guilt affect people’s decisions about having children. Sasser connects climate emotions with climate justice, stressing that culturally proper mental health services are key to ensuring justice for at-risk communities. Lessons for Survival: Mothering Against “The Apocalyptic” by Emily Raboteau (Henry Holt 2024) The book, from a mother’s perspective, shares pilgrimages (朝圣之旅) to help her children grow in a crisis- filled era. With a camera, she seeks safe spaces for her kids, reflects on Black womanhood, motherhood and urban 32 / 124

possibilities, and celebrates the beauty and weakness of nature. Combining reportage, autobiography and stories of protection, this creative work offers profound hope. Magic in a Drop of Water: How Ruth Patrick Taught the World about Water Pollution by Julie Winterbottom and illustrated by Susan Reagan (Rocky Pond Books 2025) It tells that as a brilliant scientist and a pioneer in studying water pollution, Ruth Patrick taught the world how to care for the environment. Born in 1907, Ruth Patrick was one of the only women in her field when she made her breakthrough discovery about biodiversity and the ecosystem of rivers, forever changing how ecologists understand pollution.

1.What do the four books have in common? A. They were published in 2024. B. They were authored by mothers. C. They are about the climate change. D. They showcase women’s involvement in climate action. 2.Whose book centers on the impact of environmental issues on people’s decision making? A. Elizabeth Rush. B. Jade Sasser. C. Julie Winterbottom. D. Emily Raboteau. 3.How would Lessons for Survival: Mothering Against “The Apocalyptic” benefit the readers? A. It teaches readers how to care for the environment. B. It helps readers adopt a positive attitude towards pollution. C. It provides readers with information about Antarctica climate change. D. It enables readers to learn how to survive in an environmentally challenged era.

答案：1. D 2. B 3. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四本聚焦女性在气候行动中领导力的书籍，涵盖其主题、内容及核心价值。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“The following four books highlight women’s leadership in climate action, with a special focus on the vital role of young women.(以下四本书聚焦女性在气候行动中的领导力，特别关注年轻女性的重 要作用)”可知，四本书的共同点是展示女性参与气候行动。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 三 段 “Climate Anxiety and the Kid Question is the first comprehensive study on how environmental emotions like eco-anxiety and climate guilt affect people’s decisions about having children.(《气候 焦虑与生育抉择》是首项全面研究生态焦虑、气候负罪感等环境情绪如何影响人们生育决策的著作)”可知，

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Jade Sasser 的书围绕环境问题对人们决策的影响展开。故选 B 项。

(3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The book, from a mother’s perspective, shares pilgrimages to help her children grow in a crisis-filled era.(这本书从一位母亲的视角出发，分享了在危机四伏的时代里，为帮助孩子成长而进行的朝 圣之旅)”可知，该书能让读者学习如何在环境挑战时代生存。故选 D 项。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·安徽部分校·期中）At more than 110 million years old, a fossil (化石) unearthed in Brazil is the oldest undoubted ant fossil ever discovered. The finding adds to evidence that the first ants developed on the supercontinent of Gondwana in the southern hemisphere (半球) before spreading across the rest of the world. “We have evidence they were in South America, they were in Gondwana, during their early development,” says Anderson Lepeco at the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil. Lepeco came across the fossil in a large collection delivered to the university’s zoological museum. The specimens all came from the Crato Formation in north-east Brazil, which formed during the Lower Cretaceous Period. He immediately suspected this fossil was from an extinct group of insects called hell ants. “That head shape was similar to one species we found in Burmese amber,” he says. “This gave me the hint.” Hell ants are particularly interesting because they represent a transitional “stem lineage”, says Lepeco — they are more closely related to the wasp-like common ancestor of all ants than to the species alive today, although they did have ant-like social structures. When the fossil was 3D scanned, this revealed other characteristics that identified it as a hell ant. For instance, it had forklift-like mandibles (颚) that may have enabled it to catch other insects. In fact, it is this feature that gave the hell ant group its name. The researchers named the new hell ant species Vulcanidris cratensis, in recognition of the Brazilian entomologist Maria Aparecida Vulcano. Based on the rock in which it was found, the researchers suspect the fossil is about 113 million years old, 13 million years older than the previous oldest known ant fossil. “Before our new fossil, the earliest ants known as fossils were from France and Myanmar,” says Lepeco. Finding such an ancient hell ant in South America aligns with genomic evidence suggesting ants first appeared in the southern hemisphere before getting throughout much of the rest of the world and establishing the dominant ecological role they maintain today.

1.What does the underlined word “hint” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Praise. B. Signal. C. Warning. D. Instruction. 2.What can we infer about hell ants? A. They look exactly like modern ants. B. They had no social structures. C. They were poor at catching prey. 34 / 124

D. They were ancestors of modern ants. 3.Why was the new ant species named Vulcanidris cratensis? A. To honor a scientist. B. To show its special shape. C. To mark its discovery place. D. To reflect its living habit. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. The History of Ants B. A Newly-named Ant Species C. Ancient Ants’ Social Structures D. Oldest Ant Fossil Found in Brazil

答案：1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴西出土了 1.13 亿年前的地狱蚁化石，为已知最古老蚂蚁化石，其特征 与命名均有研究价值，印证了蚂蚁起源于南半球冈瓦纳古陆的观点。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“He immediately suspected this fossil was from an extinct group of insects called hell ants.(他立刻怀疑这块化石来自一种已经灭绝的昆虫——地狱蚁)”以及划线单词句中““That head shape was similar to one species we found in Burmese amber,” he says. “This gave me the hint.”(这种头部形状与我们在缅甸 琥珀中发现的一种相似，”他说。“这给了我 hint。”)”可知，“hint”在此处指“线索、信号”，即头型相似这一 特征为判断化石种类提供了依据，与 B 选项 Signal“信号”意思接近。故选 B 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Hell ants are particularly interesting because they represent a transitional “stem lineage”, says Lepeco — they are more closely related to the wasp-like common ancestor of all ants than to the species alive today, although they did have ant-like social structures.(Lepeco 说，地狱蚁特别有趣，因为它们代表了一种过渡 性的“茎系”——它们与所有蚂蚁的类似黄蜂的共同祖先关系更密切，而不是与今天存活的蚂蚁更密切，尽管 它们确实有类似蚂蚁的社会结构)”可推知，地狱蚁是现代蚂蚁的祖先。故选 D 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中“The researchers named the new hell ant species Vulcanidris cratensis, in recognition of the Brazilian entomologist Maria Aparecida Vulcano.(研究人员将这种新的地狱蚁物种命名为 Vulcanidris cratensis，以纪念巴西昆虫学家 Maria Aparecida Vulcano)”可知，新蚂蚁被命名为 Vulcanidris cratensis 是为了 纪念一位科学家。故选 A 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“At more than 110 million years old, a fossil (化石) unearthed in Brazil is

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the oldest undoubted ant fossil ever discovered. The finding adds to evidence that the first ants developed on the supercontinent of Gondwana in the southern hemisphere (半球) before spreading across the rest of the world.( 在巴 西出土的一具超过 1.1 亿年的化石无疑是迄今发现的最古老的蚂蚁化石。这一发现进一步证明，第一批蚂蚁 在传播到世界其他地区之前，是在南半球的冈瓦纳古陆发展起来的)”可知，文章开篇即点明核心事件——巴 西出土的 1.1 亿多年前的化石，是目前已知最古老的蚂蚁化石，后文围绕化石的发现、鉴定、命名及意义展 开，标题需概括核心事件。由此可知，文章最合适的标题是“在巴西发现的最古老的蚂蚁化石”。故选 D 项。

主题语境 01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化

Passage 1

（25-26 高二·山东·联考）Imagine a world in 2050 where cities are full of autonomous vehicles, AI-driven assistants perfectly fit into our daily routines, and virtual landscapes coexist with reality. From technological advances to climate change impacts, the next few decades will undoubtedly reshape the structure of our existence. In this new era, artificial intelligence and robotics will take center stage, transforming how we interact with our environment and one another. They will have evolved from mere tools to assistants that predict our needs and desires. The once-distant distant dream of having AI-driven personal assistants is now a reality, as they manage our schedules, handle our communications, and offer personalized recommendations with extraordinary accuracy. However, as we fast-forward to 2050, one cannot help but think about the huge effects of climate change on our planet. At present, most of us are lacking the imagination of what daily life will be like when we have slashed our carbon emissions (碳排放), from our homes and food to travel and the landscapes around us. What follows is an attempt to show you how a day will look in a net zero greenhouse gas emissions world. Edie Vaughan, a young girl in 2050, lives in Toronto, Canada, a place that is among the most popular destinations for its healthy climate and clean water resources. There are forests, and giant machines taking carbon dioxide (二氧 化碳) out of the atmosphere. At that time, there are no office or industrial jobs anymore: artificial intelligence and robots have taken care of that. The few jobs left are in service, culture or health care. Luckily, Edie has her job. But every morning, she has to check the balance (余额) in her Personal Carbon Allowance (PCA) account to see if she has enough to buy another battery for her e-bike. If she doesn’t have enough then she will have to buy carbon credits, and they are expensive. This story of 2050 is one of hope and possibility — a reminder that while enjoying the convenience brought by technological progress, we should also be responsible for the environment.

1.What does the author mainly discuss in paragraph 2? A. The role of AI and robotics in daily life.

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B. The use of AI-driven personal assistants. C. The interaction between man and nature. D. The advancement of autonomous vehicles. 2.What does the underlined word “slashed” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Increased. B. Clarified. C. Reduced. D. Adjusted. 3.What is one factor for Canada being a popular destination? A. Plentiful water. B. Health care. C. Advanced technology. D. Pleasant weather. 4.What does the author try to explain by mentioning Edie Vaughan? A. The challenges that lie ahead. B. The prospect for future life. C. The severity of climate change. D. The importance of technology.

答案：1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了 2050 年我们的生活将会是什么样子。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“In this new era, artificial intelligence and robotics will take center stage, transforming how we interact with our environment and one another. They will have evolved from mere tools to assistants that predict our needs and desires. The once-distant distant dream of having AI-driven personal assistants is now a reality, as they manage our schedules, handle our communications, and offer personalized recommendations with extraordinary accuracy. (在这个新时代，人工智能和机器人将占据中心舞台，改变我们与环境以及彼此互动的 方式。它们将从单纯的工具进化为能够预测我们需求和欲望的助手。曾经遥不可及的拥有人工智能驱动的 个人助理的梦想如今已成为现实，它们管理我们的日程安排、处理我们的通讯，并以非凡的准确性提供个性 化建议)”可知，作者在第二段主要讨论了人工智能和机器人在日常生活中的作用。故选 A 项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段“However, as we fast-forward to 2050, one cannot help but think about the huge effects of climate change on our planet. At present, most of us are lacking the imagination of what daily life will be like when we have slashed our carbon emissions (碳排放), from our homes and food to travel and the landscapes around us. (然而，当我们快速进入 2050 年时，人们不禁会想到气候变化对我们星球的巨大影响。目前，我们大多 数人都无法想象，当我们 slashed 碳排放时，从我们的家庭、食物到旅行和我们周围的景观，日常生活会是 什么样子)”可知，此处表示我们大多数人都无法想象当我们大幅减少碳排放时，日常生活会是什么样子，所

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以 slashed 意为“减少”，与 Reduced 意思相近。故选 C 项。

(3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Edie Vaughan, a young girl in 2050, lives in Toronto, Canada, a place that is among the most popular destinations for its healthy climate and clean water resources. (2050 年的年轻女孩伊迪·沃恩住在加 拿大的多伦多，这里因其健康的气候和清洁的水资源而成为最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一)”可知，加拿大成为 受欢迎的目的地的一个因素是其宜人的天气。故选 D 项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“What follows is an attempt to show you how a day will look in a net zero greenhouse gas emissions world.(以下是向您展示在温室气体净零排放的世界中，一天会是什么样)”、第四段“Edie Vaughan, a young girl in 2050, lives in Toronto, Canada, a place that is among the most popular destinations for its healthy climate and clean water resources. There are forests, and giant machines taking carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) out of the atmosphere. At that time, there are no office or industrial jobs anymore: artificial intelligence and robots have taken care of that. The few jobs left are to service, culture or health care. Luckily, Edie has her job. But every morning, she has to check the balance (余额) in her Personal Carbon Allowance (PCA) account to see if she has enough to buy another battery for her e-bike. If she doesn’t have enough then she will have to buy carbon credits, and they are expensive. (2050 年的年轻女孩伊迪·沃恩住在加拿大的多伦多，这里因其健康的气候和清洁的水资源而成为 最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一。那里有森林，还有从大气中吸收二氧化碳的巨型机器。那时，已经没有办公室 或工业工作了：人工智能和机器人已经接管了这些工作。剩下的少数工作是服务、文化或医疗保健。幸运的 是，伊迪有她的工作。但每天早上，她都要查看个人碳配额（PCA）账户的余额，看看是否有足够的钱为她 的电动自行车再买一块电池。如果她钱不够，就得买碳信用额，而且很贵)”以及最后一段“This story of 2050 is one of hope and possibility — a reminder that while enjoying the convenience brought by technological progress, we should also be responsible for the environment. (这个 2050 年的故事充满了希望和可能性——提醒我们，在 享受科技进步带来的便利的同时，我们也应该对环境负责)”可推知，作者通过提到伊迪·沃恩试图解释未来 生活的前景。故选 B 项。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·湖北省级示范高中·期中）Young people, in particular, favor faster speeds for audiobooks, podcasts and videos. Hollywood actor Glen Powell sticks to lx, saying he wants to hear “a normal human rate” while Bowen Yang, an American comedian leans toward 2x—or 1.8x, which he calls the “Goldilocks” pace. Their views were featured in an Audible advert earlier this year, but the ad sparked online debate: many fast listeners felt shamed, with some even threatening to cancel their Audible subscriptions. This debate reflects shifting digital media habits. A poll conducted for The Economist found 31% of 18-29-year- old Americans listen to audio at speeds faster than 1x, compared to just 8% of those aged 45 and over. Major platforms have responded to this trend: Apple and Spotify let users speed up podcasts, Netflix offers video speed adjustment on its apps and website, and YouTube recently added a 4x playback option for premium subscribers, a move driven 38 / 124

by popular demand. The time-saving benefit of fast playback is significant. YouTube reports its users collectively save over 900 years of time daily with this feature. For example, on a 10-hour journey, you could finish Persuasion in 5.5 hours at

1.5x speed—leaving enough time to listen to Animal Farm (120 minutes) and The Little Prince (80 minutes) at the same speed. Science also supports moderate fast playback: cognitive scientist Marcus Pearce notes people speak about 150 words per minute, but brains process information much faster. A Canadian meta-analysis even found students who watched lectures at up to 1.5x had similar test scores to those at 1x, though scores dropped when speeds hit 2x or higher. For platforms, offering multiple playback speeds is a win—more content consumed means better advertising and sales revenue. But for listeners, the trade-off exists. Audiobook narrator Kimberly Wetherell argues fast playback erodes the “pacing, tone and suspension” of audio performances, and rhetoric often relies on rhythm and pauses to convey meaning. Yet for many, especially young people, fast playback is no longer a choice but a daily habit. 1.Why does the author mention the online debate triggered by the Audible ad? A. To stress that fast listeners are strongly against Audible’s service policies. B. To take a specific example to introduce shifts in digital media consumption habits. C. To compare how actors and comedians differ in choosing playback speeds. D. To explain why Audible’s ad failed to promote its subscription services. 2.What can we conclude from the Canadian meta-analysis about lecture playback speeds? A. Students who listen to lectures at 1.5x speed get better test scores than those at 1x. B. Playback speeds higher than 2x will likely reduce students’ learning effects. C. The “Goldilocks” pace is the most suitable for all lecture scenarios. D. Human brains’ fast information processing allows unlimited fast playback. 3.The underlined word “trade-off” in the last paragraph probably means ______. A. A situation where you gain one thing but lose another. B. A decision that must be made between two similar choices. C. A problem that causes trouble for both sides in a relationship. D. A change that improves one aspect without affecting any others. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Fast Playback: Popular Among Young People but Disputed by Experts B. Playback Speed: How Platforms Compete to Meet User Demands C. Fast Playback: A Common Habit Shaped by Age, Science and Platforms D. Playback Speed: What’s the Best Choice for Learning and Entertainment

答案：1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C

解析：导语：### 39 / 124

本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了快进播放在数字媒体中的普及及其争议。年轻人偏爱快进，但专家指出可能 损害内容体验。快进节省时间并提升效率，平台纷纷适配此需求，但需权衡利弊，因其可能削弱内容的节奏 与情感表达。

(1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段末尾“Their views were featured in an Audible advert earlier this year, but the ad sparked online debate: many fast listeners felt shamed, with some even threatening to cancel their Audible subscriptions. (今年早些时候，他们的观点被刊登在 Audible 的一则广告中，但这则广告引发了网络辩论：许 多快速收听者感到被羞辱，一些人甚至威胁要取消他们的 Audible 订阅。)”以及第二段开头“This debate reflects shifting digital media habits. (这场辩论反映了数字媒体消费习惯的转变。)”可知，作者提到由 Audible 广告引发的网络辩论，是为了通过具体例子来引入数字媒体消费习惯的转变这一主题。故选 B 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“A Canadian meta-analysis even found students who watched lectures at up to 1.5x had similar test scores to those at 1x, though scores dropped when speeds hit 2x or higher. (一项加拿大的 meta 分析甚至发现，观看速度为 1.5 倍的学生与观看速度为 1 倍的学生的考试成绩相似，尽管当速度达到 2 倍或 更高时，分数会下降。)”可知，当播放速度超过 2 倍时，学生的学习效果很可能会降低。故选 B 项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段中的“For platforms, offering multiple playback speeds is a win—more content consumed means better advertising and sales revenue. But for listeners, the trade-off exists. Audiobook narrator Kimberly Wetherell argues fast playback erodes the “pacing, tone and suspension” of audio performances, and rhetoric often relies on rhythm and pauses to convey meaning.(对于平台来说，提供多种播放速度是一种胜利— —消费更多的内容意味着更好的广告和销售收入。但对于听众来说，这种 trade-off 是存在的。有声读物叙述 者金伯利·韦瑟雷尔认为，快速播放会侵蚀音频表演的“节奏、语气和悬念”，而修辞往往依靠节奏和停顿来 传达意义。)”可知，对于平台来说，提供多种播放速度是有益的，但对于听众来说，快速播放会带来一些问 题，即听众在获得快速播放带来的便利的同时，也失去了音频表演的一些重要元素。因此，“trade-off”在这 里指的是一种得失兼有的情况。选项 A“A situation where you gain one thing but lose another.(一种你得到某样 东西却失去了另一样东西的情况。)”符合题意。故选 A 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章首先通过 Audible 广告引发的辩论引出数字媒体消费习惯的转变，特别是年轻 人对快速播放的偏好。接着，文章通过调查数据、平台响应和科学实验来支持这一趋势，并讨论了快速播放 的益处和潜在问题。最后，文章指出对于平台和听众来说，快速播放带来的利弊并存。因此，文章的主旨是 探讨快速播放这一由年龄、科学和平台共同塑造的普遍习惯。C 选项“Fast Playback: A Common Habit Shaped by Age, Science and Platforms(快速回放：一种由年龄、科学及平台共同塑造的常见习惯)”符合文章标题。故 选 C 项。

Passage 3

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（25-26 高二上·安徽·鼎尖名校期中）Have you ever wondered what happens to that single-use plastic bottle after you place it in a recycling bin? Most people assume it’ll be recycled, sooner or later. Unfortunately, the reality is far more complex. More often than not, that bottle starts a long and tough global journey, frequently ending up in other countries. Under ideal circumstances, it’s cleaned, sorted and broken down into small pieces to produce new items like packaging. If it is packaging itself that has been thrown, it’ll probably end up as a form of fuel. In other situations, however, it is shipped to landfills in developing regions, potentially polluting soil and water, endangering wildlife, and perhaps even finding its way back into your home through the global fish trade. In his book Waste Wars, journalist Alexander Clapp follows rubbish, travelling to some of the world’s most unpleasant places. There, he documents villages buried under mountains of imported plastic, and areas where workers take apart electronic waste from developed nations to extract valuable metals. Through these accounts, he reveals the global trade in waste and various influences it brings. While some waste trades are beneficial-such as China’s past use of imported plastic as industrial raw materials, or Turkey’s change of scrap metal into highways and skyscrapers—many shipments contain non-recyclable materials, causing serious problems. The Basel Convention, which came into effect in 1992, dealt with the shipment of dangerous waste but left plenty of loopholes (漏洞). Thus, many countries have been trying to stop waste imports ever since. In 2017, China, once one of the largest importers of plastic waste for recycling, banned such imports. Similar bans in Thailand and Indonesia went into effect this year. Then, what is to be done? There is no easy solution! Producers are required to take more responsibility for what they make. However, balancing environmental and economic goals remains constantly difficult, especially given varied national conditions. Greater global awareness and cooperation are therefore extremely important to tackle this pressing issue.

1.What can be inferred from the generally-believed way of plastic bottle recycling? A. It is more idealistic than practical. B. It is far from complex and tough. C. It lives up to people’s expectations. D. It reflects the actual process of recycling. 2.What is the BEST possible result for a recycled plastic bottle? A. Buried in landfills. B. Used as factory fuel. C. Turned into new packaging. D. Shipped to another country. 3.Why is Clapp’s book Waste Wars mentioned? A. To criticize international waste shipment.

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B. To illustrate the global waste trade’s impacts. C. To showcase recycling is seldom successful. D. To promote the economic benefits of waste. 4.What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A. To promote the book Waste Wars by Alexander Clapp. B. To appeal to the public to raise their environmental awareness. C. To indicate how recycling systems work in different countries. D. To reveal challenges and complexities of global waste recycling.

答案：1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了塑料瓶回收的复杂性和全球垃圾贸易的问题，指出了塑料瓶回收的实际 过程与人们普遍认为的方式存在差异，并揭示了全球垃圾贸易带来的各种影响和挑战。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Most people assume it’ll be recycled, sooner or later. Unfortunately, the reality is far more complex. More often than not, that bottle starts a long and tough global journey, frequently ending up in other countries.(大多数人认为它迟早会被回收。不幸的是，现实要复杂得多。通常情况下，那个瓶子会开始一段 漫长而艰难的全球之旅，最终经常出现在其他国家。)”可知，人们普遍认为的塑料瓶回收方式比实际更理想 化。故选 A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Under ideal circumstances, it’s cleaned, sorted and broken down into small pieces to produce new items like packaging.(在理想的情况下，它会被清洗、分类并分解成小块，以生产像包装这样的 新产品。)”可知，回收的塑料瓶最好的可能结果是变成新的包装。故选 C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“In his book Waste Wars, journalist Alexander Clapp follows rubbish, travelling to some of the world’s most unpleasant places. There, he documents villages buried under mountains of imported plastic, and areas where workers take apart electronic waste from developed nations to extract valuable metals. Through these accounts, he reveals the global trade in waste and various influences it brings.(在他的《垃圾战争》一书中，记者 亚历山大·克拉普追踪垃圾，前往世界上一些最令人不快的地方。在那里，他记录了被进口塑料埋没的村庄， 以及工人拆解来自发达国家的电子垃圾以提取贵金属的地区。通过这些报道，他揭示了全球垃圾贸易及其 带来的各种影响。)”可知，提到 Clapp 的书《垃圾战争》是为了说明全球垃圾贸易的影响。故选 B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。文章主要讨论了塑料瓶回收的复杂性和全球垃圾贸易的问题，第一段通过塑料瓶回收的例子 引出了全球垃圾回收的复杂性和挑战，第二段和第三段进一步阐述了塑料瓶回收的实际过程和全球垃圾贸 易的影响，第四段则讨论了国际社会对垃圾进口的限制和应对措施，第五段和最后一段总结了全球垃圾回

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收的挑战和复杂性，并呼吁加强全球意识和合作。由此可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是揭示全球垃圾回 收的挑战和复杂性。故选 D。

Passage 4

（25-26 高二上·浙江强基联盟 A 卷-11 月·期中）In a Tokyo workshop, 72-year-old potter Hiroshi Tanaka sits bent over a spinning wheel, his hands shaping a lump of clay (粘土) into a teacup. Outside, young people line up, phones in hand, waiting to take photos of the process. This scene, once rare, is now common across Asia and Europe: traditional crafts — pottery, weaving, hand-dyed textiles — are enjoying a surprising revival, even as digital tools control daily life. Why are people drawn to these slow, labor-intensive practices? Psychologists point to “digital fatigue”: the constant flow of emails, messages, and social media updates leaves many people desiring activities that demand focus. Unlike scrolling through a screen, crafting requires patience. A single ceramic bowl might take days to mold, fire, and glaze. “It’s the opposite of instant satisfaction,” says London-based craft historian Elena Ruiz. “That’s exactly its appeal.” This revival isn’t just about nostalgia (怀旧的). Modern craftsmen are combining old techniques with new ideas. In Florence, Italy, a third-generation weaver uses 17th-century weaving machines to create fabrics for luxury brands, but adds patterns inspired by street art. In Seoul, a paper-maker integrates recycled coffee grounds into traditional hanji paper, making it both eco-friendly and trendy. These innovations keep crafts relevant, attracting younger consumers who value uniqueness over mass production. Critics argue that the trend risks turning crafts into mere “artistic products”. They worry that workshops become photo spots rather than places of learning, and that the pressure to create “Instagram-worthy” pieces weakens the depth of traditional skills. Yet supporters argue that any attention is good. “If a teenager buys a hand-woven scarf because it looks cool online, they might later ask about how it was made,” notes Ruiz. “Interest is the first step toward preservation.” For Tanaka, the newfound popularity is a chance to pass on his knowledge. “My father thought pottery would die with machines,” he says, wiping clay from his apron. “But young people now want to learn. They see it’s not just about making things — it’s about making meaning.”

1.Why does the author mention “digital fatigue” in Paragraph 2? A. To criticize the overuse of digital tools in daily life. B. To stress people are less interested in social media. C. To explain why people desire focus-requiring activities. D. To prove crafts require more patience than digital activities. 2.What do examples in Paragraph 3 show? A. Innovation is more important than tradition. B. Traditional crafts can adapt to modern tastes. 43 / 124

C. Young consumers prefer eco-friendly products. D. Luxury brands depend on traditional techniques. 3.Which following statement would both critics and supporters most likely agree on? A. Traditional crafts possess values that need to be preserved. B. Innovation is in conflict with maintaining traditional skills. C. Young consumers alone will determine the future of craftsmanship. D. Digital exposure unavoidable harms the uniqueness of traditional crafts. 4.What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Young people are responsible for preserving traditional skills. B. Traditional crafts are replacing digital products in modern life. C. Modern innovations are ruining the authenticity of traditional crafts. D. The revival of traditional crafts reflects a desire for meaning in a digital world.

答案：1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在数字工具主导日常生活的当下，传统工艺正迎来复兴热潮。文章分析了这 一趋势背后的原因，同时探讨了该趋势引发的争议，并指出传统工艺的复兴反映了人们在数字世界中对意 义的追求。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Why are people drawn to these slow, labor-intensive practices? Psychologists point to “digital fatigue”: the constant flow of emails, messages, and social media updates leaves many people desiring activities that demand focus. Unlike scrolling through a screen, crafting requires patience. (为什么人们会被这些缓 慢、耗费体力的做法所吸引？心理学家指出了“数字疲劳”这一原因：源源不断的电子邮件、信息和社交媒体 更新让许多人渴望需要集中注意力的活动。与滑动屏幕不同，手工制作需要耐心)”可知，作者提到“数字疲 劳”是为了解释为什么人们渴望需要专注的活动。故选 C 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“This revival isn’t just about nostalgia (怀旧的). Modern craftsmen are combining old techniques with new ideas. In Florence, Italy, a third-generation weaver uses 17th-century weaving machines to create fabrics for luxury brands, but adds patterns inspired by street art. In Seoul, a paper-maker integrates recycled coffee grounds into traditional hanji paper, making it both eco-friendly and trendy. These innovations keep crafts relevant, attracting younger consumers who value uniqueness over mass production. (这种复兴不仅仅关乎怀旧。 现代工匠正将古老技艺与新想法相结合。在意大利佛罗伦萨，一位第三代织工使用 17 世纪的织布机为奢侈 品牌制作面料，同时融入受街头艺术启发的图案。在首尔，一位造纸匠将回收的咖啡渣融入传统的韩纸中， 使其既环保又时尚。这些创新让手工艺保持了相关性，吸引了那些重视独特性而非大规模生产的年轻消费 者)”可知，第三段中的例子表明传统工艺能够适应现代品味。故选 B 项。

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(3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Critics argue that the trend risks turning crafts into mere “artistic products”. They worry that workshops become photo spots rather than places of learning, and that the pressure to create “Instagram- worthy” pieces weakens the depth of traditional skills. Yet supporters argue that any attention is good. “If a teenager buys a hand-woven scarf because it looks cool online, they might later ask about how it was made,” notes Ruiz. “Interest is the first step toward preservation.” (批评人士认为，这一趋势可能会将手工艺变成纯粹的“艺术产 品”。他们担心，作坊会变成拍照地点，而非学习场所，而且创作“适合发 Instagram 的”作品所带来的压力会 削弱传统技艺的深度。然而，支持者认为任何关注都是有益的。“如果一个青少年因为一条手工编织的围巾 在网上看起来很酷而购买它，他们之后可能会询问它的制作方法，”Ruiz 指出，“兴趣是保护的第一步。”)” 可知，批评者和支持者都认为传统手工艺品具有需要保护的价值，只是他们在保护的方式和侧重点上有所 不同。故选 A 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“This scene, once rare, is now common across Asia and Europe: traditional crafts — pottery, weaving, hand-dyed textiles — are enjoying a surprising revival, even as digital tools control daily life. (这一曾经罕见的场景，现在在亚洲和欧洲都很常见：尽管数字工具控制着日常生活，但传统手工艺 — — 陶艺、编织、手工染色纺织品 —— 正在经历一场令人惊讶的复兴)”可知，文章主要讲述了在数字工具 主导日常生活的当下，传统手工艺正在经历一场令人惊讶的复兴，这种复兴反映了人们在数字世界中对意 义的追求。故选 D 项。

Passage 5

（25-26 高二上·辽宁辽西重点高中·期中）Imagine a world in 2050 where cities are full of autonomous vehicles, AI-driven assistants (助手) perfectly fit into our daily routines, and virtual landscapes coexist with reality. From technological advances to climate change impacts, the next few decades will undoubtedly reshape the structure of our existence. In this new era, artificial intelligence and robotics will take center stage, transforming how we interact with our environment and one another. They will have evolved from mere tools to companions (同伴) that predict our needs and desires. The once-distant dream of having AI-driven personal assistants is now a reality, as they manage our schedules, handle our communications, and offer personalized recommendations with extraordinary accuracy. However, as we fast-forward to 2050, one cannot help but think about the huge effects of climate change on our planet. At present, most of us are lacking the imagination of what daily life will be like when we have slashed our carbon emissions (碳排放), from our homes and food to travel and the landscapes around us. What follows is an attempt to show you how a day will look in a net zero greenhouse gas emissions world. Edie Vaughan, a young girl in 2050, lives in Toronto, Canada, a place that is among the most popular destinations for its healthy climate and clean water resources. There are forests, and giant machines taking carbon dioxide (二氧 化碳) out of the atmosphere. At that time, there are no office or industrial jobs anymore: artificial intelligence and 45 / 124

robots have taken care of that. The few jobs left are in service, culture or health care. Luckily, Edie has her job. Every morning, she checks the balance in her Personal Carbon Allowance (PCA) account to see if she has enough to buy another battery for her e-bike. If she doesn’t have enough then she will have to buy carbon credits, and they are expensive. This story of 2050 is one of hope and possibility — a reminder that while enjoying the convenience brought by technological progress, we should also be responsible for the environment.

1.What does the author mainly discuss in paragraph 2? A. The advancement of autonomous vehicles. B. The use of AI-driven personal assistants. C. The interaction between man and nature. D. The role of AI and robotics in daily life. 2.What does the underlined word “slashed” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Increased. B. Clarified. C. Reduced. D. Adjusted. 3.What is one factor for Canada being a popular destination? A. Plentiful water. B. Health care. C. Advanced technology. D. Pleasant weather. 4.What does the author intend to tell us? A. A look into Edie Vaughan’s Life. B. What our life will be like in 2050. C. Technology helps control environment. D. How we can handle the climate change.

答案：1. D 2. C 3. D 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要畅想了 2050 年科技与气候变化对人类生活的影响，描绘了人工智能和机器人 如何融入日常生活，以及在实现零温室气体排放的世界中，人们如何适应新的生活方式。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“In this new era, artificial intelligence and robotics will take center stage, transforming how we interact with our environment and one another. They will have evolved from mere tools to companions (同 伴) that predict our needs and desires. The once-distant dream of having AI-driven personal assistants is now a reality, as they manage our schedules, handle our communications, and offer personalized recommendations with extraordinary accuracy.(在这个新时代，人工智能和机器人将占据中心舞台，改变我们与环境以及彼此互动的 方式。它们将从单纯的工具演变成能够预测我们需求和欲望的伙伴。由人工智能驱动的个人助理这个曾经

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遥不可及的梦想如今已成为现实，它们管理我们的日程安排，处理我们的通讯，并以极高的准确度提供个性 化建议)”可知，第二段主要讨论了人工智能和机器人在日常生活中的角色。故选 D 项。

(2)题解析： 词句猜测题。划线词下文“What follows is an attempt to show you how a day will look in a net zero greenhouse gas emissions world.(接下来将为您呈现零温室气体净排放世界中的一日生活图景)”提出“零温室气体净排放 世界”，这是“when we have slashed our carbon emissions (碳排放), from our homes and food to travel and the landscapes around us.(当碳排放从我们的住房和食物、出行以及周围的景观都被大幅 slashed 后)”的结果。所 以划线词 slashed 意为“减少”时，和 C 项“Reduced”意思相近。故选 C 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Edie Vaughan, a young girl in 2050, lives in Toronto, Canada, a place that is among the most popular destinations for its healthy climate and clean water resources.(2050 年，一个名叫 Edie Vaughan 的小女孩住在加拿大的多伦多，这个地方因其健康的气候和清洁的水资源而成为最受欢迎的目的地之一)”可 知，加拿大成为受欢迎的目的地的一个因素是宜人的天气。故选 D 项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“Imagine a world in 2050 where cities are full of autonomous vehicles, AI- driven assistants ( 助 手) perfectly fit into our daily routines, and virtual landscapes coexist with reality. From technological advances to climate change impacts, the next few decades will undoubtedly reshape the structure of our existence.(想象一下 2050 年的世界，城市里到处都是自动驾驶汽车，人工智能驱动的助手完美地融入我 们的日常生活，虚拟景观与现实共存。从技术进步到气候变化的影响，未来几十年无疑将重塑我们的生存结 构)”和最后一段“This story of 2050 is one of hope and possibility — a reminder that while enjoying the convenience brought by technological progress, we should also be responsible for the environment.(这个 2050 年的故事充满了 希望和可能性——它提醒我们，在享受技术进步带来的便利的同时，我们也应该对环境负责)”可知，文章主 要畅想了 2050 年科技与气候变化对人类生活的影响，作者意在告诉我们 2050 年我们的生活会是什么样子。 故选 B 项。

Passage 6

（25-26 高二上·辽宁辽南协作体·期中）Citizen science is the practice of including non-scientists in practical, meaningful scientific research projects. The best-known examples of citizen science include bird observations and weather tracking, but these are only the tip of the iceberg. Citizen science has been popular for over a century, but in recent years, citizen scientists are employed to monitor streams, observe insects and birds, monitor weather, and observe wildlife. While some types of research can be accomplished by a single scientist in a lab, many other types really depend on the collection of a very large amount of data. Certain types of data collection are especially appropriate for citizen scientists, particularly when they require relatively simple tools that are available to non-professionals. Without citizen scientists’ participation, many projects of a certain form of research would be impractical or even impossible. 47 / 124

There were no citizen scientists during the Renaissance or the Age of Enlightenment(启蒙运动). Instead, there were amateur and “gentlemen” scientists, like Thomas Jefferson, who studied various aspects of the natural world. It wasn’t until the 1800s that the concept of a “professional” scientist emerged—and the opportunity for citizen science evolved. However, a dinosaur enthusiast may spend a great deal of time and effort finding, identifying, and collecting fossils. But if their work is not connected to a larger research study run by scientists in a professional science organization, it is not considered citizen science but amateur research. By the late 1990s, the Internet was available to a very large group of people around the world. Scientists saw the potential for engaging an international community of citizen scientists with the skills to upload information to a database from anywhere. At the same time, with the right apps in the smartphones, citizen scientists can easily identify plants and animals, measure temperature and air quality, identify colors and much more—all without spending money on research tools. Citizen scientists also use a wide range of smartphone “built-ins” such as GPS receivers and cameras, which greatly increase the value of their findings.

1.What do we know about citizen science? A. It is based on previous research. B. It has revolutionized the way we live. C. It involves a wide range of research fields. D. It is run by a non-professional science organization. 2.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us? A. The forms of citizen science. B. The application of citizen science. C. The definition of citizen science. D. The significance of citizen science. 3.What can we infer about citizen science from paragraph 3? A. Its theme stresses the culture of Europe. B. Professional scientists get involved with it. C. Thomas Jefferson was among citizen scientists. D. Citizen science came into being before the 1800s. 4.What helps the quick development of citizen science? A. The modern technology. B. The searchable database. C. The sharp rise in employment. D. The participation of more volunteers.

答案：1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A

解析：导语：### 48 / 124

本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍公民科学的定义、涵盖领域、发展历程，以及现代技术对其快速发展的推动作 用。

(1)题解析： 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 中 的 “citizen scientists are employed to monitor streams, observe insects and birds, monitor weather, and observe wildlife (公民科学家受雇监测溪流、观察昆虫和鸟类、监测天气以及观察野生动 物)”可知，公民科学涉及多个研究领域，范围广泛。故选 C 项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“While some types of research can be accomplished by a single scientist in a lab, many other types really depend on the collection of a very large amount of data. Certain types of data collection are especially appropriate for citizen scientists, particularly when they require relatively simple tools that are available to non-professionals. Without citizen scientists’ participation, many projects of a certain form of research would be impractical or even impossible.(虽然有些类型的研究可由单一科学家在实验室完成，但许多其他类型的研究 确实依赖于大量数据的收集。某些类型的数据收集特别适合公民科学家参与，尤其是当这些工作所需的工 具相对简单、非专业人士也能获取时。如果没有公民科学家的参与，某些形式的研究项目将难以实施，甚至 根本无法开展)”可知，该段重点阐述公民科学在科研中的重要意义。故选 D 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But if their work is not connected to a larger research study run by scientists in a professional science organization, it is not considered citizen science (但是如果他们的工作没有与专业科学组织 中科学家开展的大型研究相关联，就不能被视为公民科学)”可知，公民科学需要专业科学家的参与。故选 B 项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“By the late 1990s, the Internet was available to a very large group of people around the world.(到 20 世纪 90 年代末，互联网已被全球大量人群所使用)”和“At the same time, with the right apps in the smartphones, citizen scientists can easily identify plants and animals, measure temperature and air quality, identify colors and much more—all without spending money on research tools.(与此同时，借助智能手机上的合 适应用程序，公民科学家可以轻松识别动植物、测量温度与空气质量、辨别颜色等诸多操作 —— 所有这些 都无需花费资金购买研究工具)”可知，互联网和智能手机等现代技术为公民科学提供了便利，推动其快速发 展。故选 A 项。

Passage 7

（25-26 高二上·浙江七彩阳光·期中）The origins of passports can date back to the biblical times. In the Bible (圣经), the Persian king gave Nehemiah safe passage letters to travel to Judah. Historian Martin Lloyd notes that centuries ago, a “safe pass” allowed enemies to enter or exit a kingdom safely for official talks. At the turn of the last century, immigrants (移民) passed through Ellis Island — by completing quick health checks and answering questions — before moving inland. This was easy enough to do without a global standard for 49 / 124

identifying documents. Today, it’s hard to imagine how they managed without them with immigration policy (政策) being a global focus. This all changed in 1920, when the idea of a worldwide passport standard appeared after World War I. A year later, the U.S. passed the 1921 Emergency Quota Act, and later the 1924 Immigration Act, to limit immigrants’ moving in. In recent years, passports have become a luxury, like expensive jewels and fine art. In addition to a black market of stolen and fake passports, some countries have been open to the highest bidder (竞标者). For example, Malta and Cyprus have recently set up a “golden passport” program, allowing wealthy foreigners to buy European Union citizenship by paying one million euros. However, there are at least 4.4 million people around the world who are stateless. These people are often taken away passports, and consequently, freedom of movement. Today, the U.S. Department of State reports 24.5 million passports and cards were handed out in 2024 — more than double the number during the 2020 pandemic (疫情). The popular online tool Passport Index lets users compare passports like fantasy football scoreboards, and magazines breathlessly announce “best” and “worst” passport rankings(排名) yearly. As nations debate on closed gateway to other countries, it’s worth reconsidering the passport’s “superpower”.

1.What does the underlined word “them” refer to? A. The immigrants passing through Ellis Island. B. The health checks and questions to be finished. C. World-standard identifying documents for immigrants. D. Various immigration policies made by each country. 2.How does the writer describe the situation of passports in recent years? A. By making a sharp contrast. B. By making a research survey. C. By giving recommendations. D. By quoting famous sayings. 3.What is Passport Index according to the passage? A. An institution handing out passports. B. A club counting football goals. C. An organization checking passports. D. An online tool ranking passports. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. The Road to Modern Passports B. The Access to Passports C. The Advantages of Passports D. The Evaluation of Passports

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答案：1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要追溯护照的起源，介绍其从早期通行凭证发展到全球统一标准的历程，以及近年的 现状与相关现象。

(1)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“This was easy enough to do without a global standard for identifying documents. Today, it’s hard to imagine how they managed without them with immigration policy being a global focus.(在没有 全球统一的身份证件标准时，这很容易做到。如今，随着移民政策成为全球焦点，很难想象没有它们（全球 统一身份证件标准）他们是如何做到的。)”可知，“them”指代前文提到的“全球统一的移民身份证件标准”。 故选 C 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In recent years, passports have become a luxury, like expensive jewels and fine art. However, there are at least 4.4 million people around the world who are stateless. These people are often taken away passports, and consequently, freedom of movement.(近年来，护照已成为一种奢侈品，就像昂贵的珠宝和艺术 品一样。然而，全球至少有 440 万人处于无国籍状态。这些人往往被剥夺护照，进而失去行动自由。)”可知， 作者通过将护照成为奢侈品与部分人无护照失去行动自由进行鲜明对比，描述了近年护照的相关情况。故 选 A 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The popular online tool Passport Index lets users compare passports like fantasy football scoreboards, and magazines breathlessly announce “best” and “worst” passport rankings yearly.(热门在线 工具护照指数（Passport Index）让用户可以像查看梦幻足球记分板一样对比护照，杂志每年也会热切地公布 护照的“最佳”和“最差”排名。)”可知，Passport Index 是一款用于护照排名的在线工具。故选 D 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The origins of passports can date back to the biblical times.(护照的起源可以追溯 到圣经时代。)”、第二段中的“This all changed in 1920, when the idea of a worldwide passport standard appeared after World War I.(这一切在 1920 年发生了变化，一战后全球护照标准的想法应运而生。)”以及第四段中的 “Today, the U.S. Department of State reports 24.5 million passports and cards were handed out in 2024 — more than double the number during the 2020 pandemic.(如今，美国国务院报告称，2024 年发放了 2450 万本护照和护照 卡，是 2020 年疫情期间的两倍多。)”可知，文章按时间顺序，从护照的起源、全球统一标准的出现，到如 今的发放情况与相关现象，完整梳理了护照从早期到现代的发展历程，“现代护照的发展之路”最能概括全文 主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选 A 项。

Passage 8

（25-26 高二上·浙江浙南名校联盟-11 月·期中）According to research, a significant number of individuals remain reluctant to engage in enjoyable public activities alone, particularly within cultures emphasizing collective 51 / 124

( 集 体 的) value — certain East Asian societies. This was the initial assumption held by my research team. We conducted a study by photographing diners, both solo ( 单 独) and accompanied, and presenting these images to participants for evaluation. Fully anticipating that solo diners would be judged critically, I was surprised when the results contradicted this expectation. In recent years, a noticeable rise has occurred in solo activities, including dining and traveling individually. Rather than remaining at home or going out but feeling uncomfortable about how others might see them, a growing number of people are choosing to participate independently in such activities and even take pride in doing so. On Instagram, approximately 10 million posts are titled solo travel. The expanding visibility of this trend across diverse cultures indicates that overcoming the fear of being judged enables individuals to cultivate greater self-confidence and experience substantial personal growth. Those who identify as “single at heart” — myself included — genuinely value and appreciate the single lifestyle. Their increasing presence reflects a gradual change in how society views spending time alone, particularly within cultural contexts that have traditionally stressed group belonging. They greatly value meaningful friendships, while gaining satisfaction from time spent alone. Such individuals frequently lead mentally rich lives, filled with diverse and fascinating experiences. As a writer notes, “When you’re not sitting across from someone, you’re sitting across from the world.” While some may regard group activities as demonstrations of friendship, those who take activities alone convey a more profound statement: “I am content with my own company.” In societies where group belonging has long been the norm, this quiet confidence represents not only personal strength but also serves as an influential cultural signal, encouraging a more welcoming mode of life.

1.What specific research method did the team use to test their assumption? A. Analyzing social media data. B. Conducting face-to-face interviews. C. Using photographic evidence for evaluation. D. Tracking movement patterns in public spaces. 2.Why is Instagram mentioned in paragraph 2? A. It creates pressure to participate in group activities. B. It provides evidence of a growing social phenomenon. C. It promotes expensive travel packages for solo travelers. D. It discourages people from sharing personal experiences. 3.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the cultural contexts that have traditionally stressed group belonging? A. They are witnessing a growing acceptance of being alone. B. They are making a complete break with their collective past. C. They are experiencing a negative shift toward an individual life.

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D. They are forcing individuals to choose between community and living alone. 4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. The Changing View of Solo Activities. B. The Economic Benefits of Solo Travel. C. The Social Influence of Digital Platforms. D. The Decreasing Popularity of Group Events.

答案：1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。介绍了人们对独自参与公共活动的态度转变，包括相关研究方法、社会现象证据及文化语 境中对独处的逐渐接受等。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“We conducted a study by photographing diners, both solo (单独) and accompanied, and presenting these images to participants for evaluation. (我们通过拍摄单独就餐和有人陪伴就餐的食客，并将这 些照片呈现给参与者进行评估，开展了一项研究)”可知，研究团队使用的是通过摄影证据进行评估的研究方 法。故选 C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“In recent years, a noticeable rise has occurred in solo activities, including dining and traveling individually. (近年来，独处活动出现了明显的增长，包括独自用餐和旅行)”以及“On Instagram, approximately 10 million posts are titled solo travel. The expanding visibility of this trend across diverse cultures indicates that overcoming the fear of being judged enables individuals to cultivate greater self-confidence and experience substantial personal growth. (在 Instagram 上，大约有 1000 万条帖子标题为独自旅行。这一趋势在 不同文化中日益凸显，这表明克服被评判的恐惧能让人们培养更强的自信心，并且会有显著的个人成长)”可 知，提到 Instagram 是为了提供一种社会现象(即 solo activities 独处活动)日益增长的证据。故选 B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Their increasing presence reflects a gradual change in how society views spending time alone, particularly within cultural contexts that have traditionally stressed group belonging. (他们出现得越来越多， 这反映了社会对独处时间的看法逐渐发生变化，尤其是在传统上强调群体归属感的文化背景下)”可知，可推 断出传统上强调群体归属感的文化语境正见证对独处的日益接受。故选 A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In societies where group belonging has long been the norm, this quiet confidence represents not only personal strength but also serves as an influential cultural signal, encouraging a more welcoming mode of life. (在长期以群体归属感为准则的社会中，这种平静的自信不仅代表个人力量，还成为一种有影响 力的文化信号，鼓励更包容的生活方式)”可知，本文核心是关于人们对独自活动看法的转变。故选 A。

Passage 9

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（25-26 高二上·浙江 G5 联盟-11 月·期中）Recent educational studies in England reveal a complex picture of gender gaps. New research from the UCL Institute of Education shows that boys outperformed girls in maths and science tests, with the gender gap in England being the widest among 72 countries. One of the authors, Dr Jennie Golding, suggested that boys’ greater confidence in these subjects could be an explanation. This finding challenges the common narrative that boys are universally falling behind. However, a broader view reveals persistent challenges for both genders. In higher education, a significant gap exists: in the 2022-2023 academic year, there were three women for every two men enrolled (入学) in UK universities. Boys are also more than twice as likely to be excluded from school. Subject choices remain divided, with female students outnumbering males in medicine and law, while the opposite is true in physics, maths, engineering, and computing — a division often attributed to persistent stereotyping. Beyond the classroom, the situation becomes more complicated. Although younger women’s earnings may match or even surpass their male peers’, the “motherhood penalty” — where women’s incomes decrease more than men’s upon becoming parents — is worsening. A recent analysis showed mothers earned 24% less per hour than fathers in 2023. This contributes to a pensions (养老金) gap that disadvantages women in old age. Meanwhile, pay progression in many female-dominated sectors like social care remains poor. A recent Women in Work index reported a “sluggish” pace of change on the gender pay gap, with the UK slipping behind other countries. Pay progression in many female-dominated sectors, including early years and social care, remains poor. It’s important to maintain perspective: gender isn’t the greatest determinant of academic success. Socioeconomic factors create larger attainment gaps. Still, both genders face specific challenges that deserve attention. There’s a strong case for advocating girls’ access to qualifications in the crucial, male-dominated digital technology sector. Simultaneously, evidence that fewer boys are school-ready at age four, and their lower university participation rates — potentially linked to tuition fees and attitudes to debt — must be taken seriously. The contrasting yet shared difficulties of both boys and girls deserve a balanced approach.

1.What did the UCL Institute of Education research find about England? A. Girls performed better than boys in all subjects. B. Boys showed stronger performance in maths and science. C. England had the smallest gender gap among 72 countries. D. Few students lacked confidence in maths and science subjects. 2.Which of the following statements is TRUE about higher education? A. University subject choices show slight gender differences. B. Women account for a higher proportion of UK universities. C. Boys’ lower enrollment is only due to academic performance. D. Male students perform better than females in UK universities. 3.What does the underlined word “sluggish” in paragraph 3 mean?

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A. slow B. constant C. satisfactory D. unpredictable 4.What can we infer from the passage about gender equality? A. Boys’ confidence in maths makes them better suited for technology careers. B. The educational advantages girls enjoy will definitely solve workplace inequality. C. Socioeconomic factors are more important than gender in determining academic success. D. The “motherhood penalty” will affect women’s earnings but not their retirement security.

答案：1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英格兰教育中的性别差距问题，包括中小学阶段、高等教育阶段以及职 场中的性别差异，并指出社会经济因素对学业成绩的影响大于性别因素，强调应平衡关注男女各自面临的 挑战。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“New research from the UCL Institute of Education shows that boys outperformed girls in maths and science tests, with the gender gap in England being the widest among 72 countries.(伦敦大学学院教 育学院的新研究表明，男生在数学和科学测试中的表现优于女生，英格兰的性别差距在 72 个国家中最大。)” 可知，伦敦大学学院教育学院的研究发现男生在数学和科学方面表现更强。故选 B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“In higher education, a significant gap exists: in the 2022-2023 academic year, there were three women for every two men enrolled in UK universities.(在高等教育方面，存在显著差距：在 2022-2023 学 年，英国大学每招收两名男生，就招收三名女生。)”可知，女性在英国大学中占的比例更高。故选 B。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据下文“with the UK slipping behind other countries. Pay progression in many female-dominated sectors, including early years and social care, remains poor.(英国在这方面已落后于其他国家。包括幼儿教育和 社会福利在内的众多女性主导行业，其薪资晋升情况仍然不容乐观。)”可知，最新的“女性就业指数”指出， 性别薪资差距的改善速度迟缓。由此可知，sluggish 意为“迟缓” (4)题解析： 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 最 后 一 段 “It’s important to maintain perspective: gender isn’t the greatest determinant of academic success. Socioeconomic factors create larger attainment gaps.(重要的是要保持正确的观点：性别不是 决定学业成功的最大因素。社会经济因素造成了更大的成就差距。)”可知，社会经济因素在决定学业成绩方 面比性别更重要。故选 C。

主题语境 02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育

（25-26 高二上·湖北八校联考·期中）This summer, I was invited to take part in post-dubbing (后期配音), which involves adding extra voice work to enhance the sound quality of certain scenes, for the Chinese WWII epic, 55 / 124

Dongji Rescue (《东极岛》). It tells the story of 384 British prisoners rescued by brave Chinese fishermen after the Japanese army had locked hundreds more soldiers in the sinking warship, Lisbon Maru. As a British national, my job was to project my best 1940s British soldier’s voice, shouting, screaming, grunting and giving commands as various survivors during the daring rescue. Joining a team of fellow Western actors, we watched the film’s dramatic scenes on a large screen as several microphones recorded our words and actions in a recording studio. Reading lines alone was scary, as I was keen to maintain clarity while also expressing the intense emotions of the scene as realistically as possible. The most enjoyable part was working as a group, with each person performing different lines, often overlapping (重叠) to create the chaos and confusion of the intense survival scenes featuring hundreds of soldiers. This was where we could really play with different tones and emotions to create a number of believable and dramatic voices, trying to live up to the excellent onscreen work of the cast and crew. Even though our contribution to the picture was small, there was a noticeable level of team spirit and seriousness. We appreciated the gravity of the historical event and the respect it had clearly been given in the film. The work required accurate timing to match the actors’ lip movements and fit with the actors’ gestures, and even though I only did one day in the studio, it was tiring work, leaving my voice rough and hurting. Since the event, I’ve kept in touch with a number of the actors. This experience shows that it’s always worth stepping outside your comfort zone to explore new creative opportunities. And it was pretty fun to see my name in the credits, too!

1.What was the author’s main responsibility in the post-dubbing? A. Reading lines alone with strong emotions. B. Improving overall sound quality of the film. C. Voicing various British soldier characters. D. Directing other Western actors’ performances. 2.What made the group work the most pleasurable for the author? A. Watching scenes together. B. Avoiding overlapping lines. C. Presenting soldiers’ survival chaos. D. Adjusting tones to create vivid voices. 3.What did the author think of the job? A. Worthwhile and effortless. B. Rewarding and demanding. C. Innovative and challenging. D. Easy and enjoyable. 4.What does the author’s story mainly show?

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A. He who dares wins. B. Practice makes perfect. C. Many hands make light work. D. Every cloud has a silver lining.

答案：1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。作者作为英国人参与《东极岛》后期配音，为二战英国士兵幸存者配音，享受团队合作中 调整语气创造生动声音的过程，虽工作费力但认为值得，感悟应走出舒适区探索新机会。 (1)题解析： 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 “As a British national, my job was to project my best 1940s British soldier’s voice, shouting, screaming, grunting and giving commands as various survivors during the daring rescue.(作为一名英国 公民，我的任务是展现出最符合 20 世纪 40 年代英军士兵风格的声音，在这场惊心动魄的救援行动中，以 各种幸存者的身份呼喊、尖叫、呻吟并下达指令)”可知，在后期配音工作中，这位作者的主要职责是演绎各 种英国士兵的角色。故选 C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“The most enjoyable part was working as a group, with each person performing different lines, often overlapping (重叠) to create the chaos and confusion of the intense survival scenes featuring hundreds of soldiers. This was where we could really play with different tones and emotions to create a number of believable and dramatic voices, trying to live up to the excellent onscreen work of the cast and crew.(最令人愉快的部分在于 团队合作，每个人分别扮演不同的角色，有时角色还会相互重叠，从而营造出数百名士兵参与的激烈生存场 景中的混乱与紧张氛围。在这里，我们能够尽情发挥不同的音调和情感，创造出一系列真实可信且富有戏剧 性的声音，力求不辜负演员和工作人员在银幕上的出色表现)”可推知，团队合作中最让作者愉悦的是通过调 整语气和情感，创造出生动可信的声音。故选 D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“The work required accurate timing to match the actors’ lip movements and fit with the actors’ gestures, and even though I only did one day in the studio, it was tiring work, leaving my voice rough and hurting.(这项工作需要精确把握时间，以与演员的嘴唇动作相匹配，并与他们的动作协调一致。尽管我 在录音棚里只工作了一天，但那也是非常累人的工作，导致我的嗓子变得沙哑，还很疼痛)”以及最后一段中 “This experience shows that it’s always worth stepping outside your comfort zone to explore new creative opportunities.(这一经历表明，走出舒适区去探索新的创意机会总是值得的)”可推知，作者认为这份工作虽然 要求高，但很有收获。故选 B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“This experience shows that it’s always worth stepping outside your comfort zone to explore new creative opportunities. And it was pretty fun to see my name in the credits, too!(这次经历表明，走出

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舒适区去探索新的创意机会总是值得的。而且看到自己的名字出现在片尾字幕里也让我感到非常开心！)”结 合文章主要讲述了作者参与中国二战史诗电影《东极岛》的后期配音工作，为各种英国士兵角色配音的经 历。这次经历让作者走出舒适区，探索新的创作机会，虽然工作辛苦但很有收获。可知，作者的故事主要表 明“敢于冒险的人才能获得成功”。故选 A。

主题语境 03 人与社会-科学与技术

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·湖北省级示范高中·期中）Mount Tai in Shandong province has launched a trial operation of mountain climbing assist robots for the first time, attracting significant attention from visitors. These exoskeleton (外 骨骼) robots are designed to assist climbers and are versatile (多用途的) enough to be used in various fields such as mountaineering and fitness. “It really works! Once I put it on, it felt like someone was pulling me up the Mount Tai — full of high-tech vibes ( 氛 围)!” exclaimed a tourist, who is trying out the new mountain climbing exoskeleton robot. Resembling the “mechanical armor (机械战甲)” seen in sci-fi movies, this robot has become a new companion for hikers, thanks to its cutting-edge technological design. Staff explained that the exoskeleton robot is not limited to Mount Tai climbing. It has a wide range of applications, covering activities such as hiking, fitness, running, daily walking, and going up and down stairs, this versatile device can be applied across various aspects of life and work. Unlike traditional mountaineering equipment, the design of this robot emphasizes more on the integration of ergonomics and smart technology. Weighing only 1.8 kg, it incorporates advanced power, electronics, and AI algorithms that can instantly detect lower limb movements and provide tailored assistance. This precise support system effectively reduces strain on the legs, offering great convenience, particularly for elderly or physically weaker tourists. Additionally, the robot is equipped with an efficient battery system that allows for over 5 hours of continuous walking, with a single charge supporting a distance of around 14 kilometers. For those who want to fully enjoy the natural beauty of Mount Tai without opting for the cable car, this robot is undoubtedly an ideal choice.

1.According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, what is the key feature of the exoskeleton robot reflected in the tourist’s feedback? A. It has a sci-fi appearance that attracts tourists’ attention. B. It is practical for assisting climbing and feels high-tech. C. It is lightweight and easy to wear for most visitors. D. It is cheaper than taking the cable car up Mount Tai. 2.According to the staff, what makes the exoskeleton robot fundamentally different from traditional mountaineering equipment? A. Its light weight that reduces burden for climbers. B. Its wide use in both daily life and work activities. 58 / 124

C. Its design concept centered on integrating ergonomics and smart technology. D. Its long battery life that supports over 5 hours of continuous walking. 3.What is the author’s intention in mentioning the robot’s battery performance? A. To show the robot can satisfy the practical needs of Mount Tai hikers. B. To prove the robot is more energy-saving than Mount Tai’s cable cars. C. To emphasize how advanced the robot’s battery technology is. D. To explain why the robot is better for daily walking than mountaineering. 4.What is the author’s attitude towards Mount Tai’s climbing assist robot trial? A. Indifferent. B. Favorable. C. Neutral. D. Skeptical.

答案：1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了山东泰山试运行的登山辅助外骨骼机器人，其功能、优势及适用场景，获游 客关注。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“These exoskeleton (外骨骼) robots are designed to assist climbers and are versatile (多 用途的) enough to be used in various fields such as mountaineering and fitness.(这些外骨骼机器人旨在帮助登山 者，用途广泛，足以用于登山和健身等各个领域)”以及第二段“It really works! Once I put it on, it felt like someone was pulling me up the Mount Tai — full of high-tech vibes!(它真的很管用！一旦穿上，感觉就像有人 在把我往泰山上拉——充满了高科技氛围！)”可知，游客的反馈体现了机器人登山辅助是实用且具有高科技 感的。故选 B 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Unlike traditional mountaineering equipment, the design of this robot emphasizes more on the integration of ergonomics and smart technology.(与传统登山装备不同，这款机器人的设计更注重人体工 程学与智能技术的融合)”可知，二者的核心差异是设计理念。故选 C 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“For those who want to fully enjoy the natural beauty of Mount Tai without opting for the cable car, this robot is undoubtedly an ideal choice.(对于那些不想乘坐缆车却想充分欣赏泰山自然风光的人来 说，这款机器人无疑是理想之选)”可知，提及电池性能是为说明其能满足登山者实际需求。故选 A 项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“These exoskeleton (外骨骼) robots are designed to assist climbers and are versatile (多 用途的) enough to be used in various fields such as mountaineering and fitness.(这些外骨骼机器人旨在帮助登山 者，用途广泛，足以用于登山和健身等各个领域)”、第二段“It really works! Once I put it on, it felt like someone was pulling me up the Mount Tai — full of high-tech vibes!(它真的很管用！一旦穿上，感觉就像有人在把我往 上拉泰山——充满了高科技氛围！)”以及最后一段“For those who want to fully enjoy the natural beauty of Mount

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Tai without opting for the cable car, this robot is undoubtedly an ideal choice.(对于那些想在不选择缆车的情况下 充分享受泰山自然美景的人来说，这款机器人无疑是一个理想的选择)”可知，全文出现机器人功能、优势及 游客正面反馈的描述，由此可推知，作者对登山辅助外骨骼机器人持有积极的态度。故选 B 项。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·湖北省级示范高中教育教学改革联盟·期中）As modern-day stress reaches what feels like unbearable levels, researchers are trying to learn more about the precise mechanisms through which it affects our body and mind. The hope is that by unlocking more about how stress works physiologically, we can find ways to prevent it from permanently harming people. The future of understanding and fighting stress may lie in our DNA. In 2023, Ursula Beattie, then a doctoral student at Tufts University, and her colleagues found possible evidence that stress can overwhelm DNA’s repair mechanisms. In their study, researchers repeatedly tapped on sparrow (麻雀) cages with pens, played the radio loudly, and carried out other actions designed to cause distress but no physical harm. Blood and tissue samples from the sparrows after three weeks of this unpleasant treatment revealed damage to the DNA. “It’s like if you had two pieces of string coiled up (卷曲), just like DNA, and you took a pair of scissors and cut them,” Beattie says. While these kinds of double-strand (双股) breaks in DNA occur all the time in sparrows and other species, including humans, the damage is typically reversed through self-repair mechanisms. In a chronic-stress (长期压力) setting, “those repair mechanisms get overwhelmed, which is how we see a buildup of DNA damage,” Beattie explains. The damage in the birds appears to be the most severe in cells of the liver, she adds, suggesting that for humans, too, the extent and type of damage caused by stress might be different for different tissues of the body. We’re still learning how deep stress goes into our bodies. But we’re getting closer to solving the puzzle that is stress, which promises a future where we can better meet the ongoing demand for change.

1.What is the main purpose of researchers studying the mechanisms of stress? A. To explain why modern people suffer from high stress. B. To compare the stress levels of humans and sparrows. C. To prove that DNA is closely related to human health. D. To figure out methods to keep stress from doing lasting harm. 2.What did Ursula Beattie and her team discover in their 2023 study? A. Sparrows are more sensitive to stress than other animals. B. Chronic stress can destroy the DNA repair system. C. Loud radio sounds can cause physical harm to sparrows. D. DNA damage in sparrows only appears in liver cells. 3.Why does Beattie mention the “two pieces of string” in Paragraph Four? A. To show how DNA is structured in living organisms. 60 / 124

B. To prove that DNA self-repair mechanisms are effective. C. To explain what DNA double-strand breaks look like. D. To compare the DNA of sparrows and humans. 4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. The Harm of Chronic Stress to Human Tissues B. Studying Stress: From DNA Mechanisms to Future Hope C. Ursula Beattie’s Groundbreaking Study on Sparrows D. How to Prevent DNA Damage Caused by Stress

答案：1. D 2. B 3. C 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员对压力机制的研究，包括压力对 DNA 的影响，以及这些研究 对未来理解和应对压力的希望。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The hope is that by unlocking more about how stress works physiologically, we can find ways to prevent it from permanently harming people.(人们希望，通过进一步揭示压力在生理上的作用机制， 我们能够找到防止压力对人体造成永久性伤害的方法)”可知，研究人员研究压力机制的主要目的是找出防止 压力造成持久伤害的方法。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“In 2023, Ursula Beattie, then a doctoral student at Tufts University, and her colleagues found possible evidence that stress can overwhelm DNA’s repair mechanisms.(2023 年，当时是塔夫茨大学博士 生的厄休拉·比蒂和她的同事们发现了可能的证据，表明压力会压垮 DNA 的修复机制)”以及第四段中“In a chronic-stress (长期压力) setting, “those repair mechanisms get overwhelmed, which is how we see a buildup of DNA damage,” Beattie explains.(在长期压力的环境下，“这些修复机制会不堪重负，这就是我们看到 DNA 损 伤积累的原因，”比蒂解释道)”可知，厄休拉·比蒂和她的团队在 2023 年的研究中发现长期压力会破坏 DNA 修复系统。故选 B 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中““It’s like if you had two pieces of string coiled up (卷曲), just like DNA, and you took a pair of scissors and cut them,” Beattie says. While these kinds of double-strand (双股) breaks in DNA occur all the time in sparrows and other species, including humans, the damage is typically reversed through self-repair mechanisms.(“这就像你有两条卷曲的绳子，就像 DNA 一样，然后你拿一把剪刀把它们剪断，”比蒂说。虽 然这种 DNA 双链断裂在麻雀和其他物种，包括人类中经常发生，但这种损伤通常会通过自我修复机制逆 转)”可知，比蒂用两条卷曲的绳子来比喻 DNA，是为了更形象地解释 DNA 双链断裂的样子。故选 C 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The future of understanding and fighting stress may lie in our DNA.(理解和对抗压

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力的未来可能在于我们的 DNA)”和最后一段“We’re still learning how deep stress goes into our bodies. But we’re getting closer to solving the puzzle that is stress, which promises a future where we can better meet the ongoing demand for change.(我们仍在了解压力对我们身体的影响有多深。但我们离解开压力之谜越来越近了，这预 示着一个未来，我们能够更好地满足不断变化的需求)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员对压力 机制的研究，包括压力对 DNA 的影响，以及这些研究对未来理解和应对压力的希望。所以“Studying Stress: From DNA Mechanisms to Future Hope(研究压力：从 DNA 机制到未来希望)”能概括文章内容，最合适作为 文章标题。故选 B 项。

Passage 3

（25-26 高二上·江西部分学校·期中）University of Hawaii scientists are among a team of researchers who have discovered an innovative way to help adapt food crops around the world to Earth’s rapidly changing climate. A new study published in Nature Climate Change reveals how plant seed banks, home to millions of genetically diverse plants around the world, can help speed up the process of breeding (培育) crops better suited for climate change. “Climate-driven pressures on food crops touch every country on our planet and this technique holds promise for making more use of our global seed banks,” said co-author Michael Kantar of the UH Manoa College of tropical Agriculture and Human Resilience (CTAHR). According to Kantar, plant seed banks are essential for protecting the genetic (基因的) diversity of food crops. These “living libraries” store seeds and other genetic material, providing a vital resource for plant breeders working to develop new crop varieties that have a range of characteristics from drought resistance to disease tolerance (忍耐 力). The researchers used sorghum (高粱), a grain grown for food, fuel, and livestock feed, to test a new method called environmental genetic selection. It combines DNA data with climate information to predict which plants are best suited for future conditions. “It can be applied to any crop that has the right data, including sorghum, barley, cannabis, pepper and dozens of other crops,” said Kantar. The approach also saves time. Instead of testing thousands of plants in the field, scientists use a smaller, diverse “mini-core” group to forecast how crops will perform in different environments. This helps breeders quickly select the best parents for new, climate-resilient varieties. “This method will help us keep pace with the hotter temperatures and increased risk of flooding from Earth’s changing climate and help develop new varieties to ensure food security,” Kantar said. Researchers discovered that nations with high sorghum use may need genetic resources from other countries to effectively adapt to climate change, stressing the value of global teamwork in securing the world’s food supply.

1.What is the purpose of the study of University of Hawaii? A. To secure food supply. B. To understand plant seed banks. 62 / 124

C. To stop climate change. D. To speed up crop harvest. 2.Why are seed banks referred to as “living libraries”? A. They replace traditional farming methods. B. They provide genetic resources for new crops. C. They store rare plants from around the world. D. They protect crops from drought or disease. 3.Which word best describes environmental genetic selection? A. Inexpensive. B. Unpractical. C. Productive. D. Inconvenient. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Strategies for Improving crop Yields B. Innovative Methods for Storing Plant Seeds C. The Role of Global Seed Banks in Agriculture D. “Living Libraries” That Fight Climate Change

答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了夏威夷大学研究人员发现的一种利用植物种子库帮助粮食作物适应气候 变化的创新方法。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“University of Hawaii scientists are among a team of researchers who have discovered an innovative way to help adapt food crops around the world to Earth’s rapidly changing climate. (夏威夷大学的科 学家们参与的一个研究团队发现了一种创新方法，可以帮助世界各地的粮食作物适应地球快速变化的气候)” 以及第二段中“Climate-driven pressures on food crops touch every country on our planet and this technique holds promise for making more use of our global seed banks (气候因素对粮食作物造成的压力波及全球各个国家，而 这项技术有望让我们更好地利用全球种子库资源)”可推知，该研究的目的是保障粮食供应。故选 A。 (2)题解析： 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 第 三 段 中 “These “living libraries” store seeds and other genetic material, providing a vital resource for plant breeders working to develop new crop varieties that have a range of characteristics from drought resistance to disease tolerance (忍耐力). (这些“活的图书馆”储存种子和其他遗传物质，为植物育种家提供重要 资源，这些育种家致力于培育具有从抗旱到抗病等一系列特性的新作物品种)”可知，种子库被称为“活的图 书馆”是因为它们为新作物提供遗传资源。故选 B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第六段“The approach also saves time. Instead of testing thousands of plants in the field, scientists use a smaller, diverse “mini-core” group to forecast how crops will perform in different environments. This helps

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breeders quickly select the best parents for new, climate-resilient varieties. (这种方法还能节省时间。科学家们不 用在田间测试数千株植物，而是使用一个更小、更多样化的“迷你核心”群体来预测作物在不同环境中的表 现。这有助于育种家快速为新的、耐气候的品种选择最佳亲本)”可推知，这种方法是有成效的。故选 C。

(4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段中“A new study published in Nature Climate Change reveals how plant seed banks, home to millions of genetically diverse plants around the world, can help speed up the process of breeding (培育) crops better suited for climate change. (发表于《自然・气候变化》的一项新研究揭示，全球各地储存着 数百万种遗传多样性植物的种子库，能够如何助力加快培育更适应气候变化的作物的进程)”可知，文章围绕 植物种子库(“活的图书馆”)帮助作物适应气候变化的作用展开，D 选项“对抗气候变化的‘活的图书馆’”最适 合作为标题。故选 D。

Passage 4

（ 25-26 高 二上· 河 北名 校联 考· 期 中） Scientists from the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) have developed a computational framework of memory processes, suggesting the best number of senses for learning and preserving information is seven. The research, published in the journal Scientific Reports, offers new insights into the fundamental principles of memory and could have significant implications for the development of artificial intelligence and robotics. The study challenges the traditional belief that our five senses represent a biological limit, proposing a mathematical basis for a more finely graded sensory experience. The team’s work is built around the concept of memory “engrams (印记),” which describe how memories are physically stored. An engram can be thought of as a small, committed group of brain cells that activate together when a specific memory is recalled. In their model, each concept, like a banana, is an object defined by several features in a“conceptual space.” These features correspond to sensory inputs—what a banana looks like, smells like, tastes like, and so on. For humans, this creates a five-dimensional (五维的) concept. The model simulates (模拟) how these engrams develop, becoming sharper with learning or fading through forgetting, based on interactions with the outside world. Analyzing the model’s dynamics, the researchers discovered that the system of engrams eventually reaches a steady state. In this mature state, the number of distinct concepts held in memory remains constant. The most surprising finding came when they tested how the dimensions of this conceptual space — the number of senses — affected its total capacity. The team found that the system’s capacity for holding different concepts was at its highest when the space had exactly seven dimensions. “It appears that when each concept stored in memory is characterized in terms of seven features — as opposed to, say, five or eight — the number of distinct objects held in memory is maximized,” said study co-author Nikolay Brilliantov, a professor at the Skoltech Artificial Intelligence Center. Although he says it’s just a guess to apply this idea to human development, the discovery provides a potentially crucial design principle for AI. By programming robots with seven distinct sensory inputs, engineers could maximize their ability to learn about and remember their 64 / 124

environment.

1.What does the research mentioned in paragraph 1 focus on? A. The storage of memory engrams. B. A mathematical model of memory. C. The development of artificial intelligence. D. The biological limit of human five senses. 2.Why does the author describe how engrams work in paragraph 2? A. To advocate reducing sensory inputs for efficient learning. B. To compare human brains with artificial intelligence systems. C. To criticize earlier misunderstandings about nerve cell functions. D. To explain the physical basis for storing memories mathematically. 3.What is Nikolay Brilliantov’s attitude to applying the finding to human development? A. Doubtful. B. Confident. C. Reserved. D. Uncared. 4.Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Why Seven Is Better for Memory Capacity B. How to Improve AI Robots’ Learning Ability C. The Relationship between Senses and Memory D. The Importance of Memory Engrams in Learning

答案：1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了斯科尔科沃科学技术研究所的科学家开发了一种记忆过程的计算框架，提 出学习和保存信息的最佳感官数量是七种，该研究为人工智能和机器人技术的发展以及记忆基本原理提供 了新见解。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。文章第一段提到“Scientists from the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) have developed a computational framework of memory processes (斯科尔科沃科学技术研究所的科学家开发了一种 记忆过程的计算框架)和“The study challenges the traditional belief that our five senses represent a biological limit, proposing a mathematical basis for a more finely graded sensory experience. (这项研究挑战了“我们的五种感官 代表着生物极限”这一传统观点，为更精细的感官体验提出了数学基础)”，说明该研究聚焦于记忆的数学模 型。故选 B 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。第二段围绕记忆“engrams (印记)”的概念展开，文中提到“An engram can be thought of as a small group of brain cells that activate together when a specific memory is recalled. In their model, each concept, like a banana, is an object defined by several features in a ‘conceptual space.’ These features correspond to sensory inputs—

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what a banana looks like, smells like, tastes like, and so on. For humans, this creates a five-dimensional (五维的) concept. The model simulates (模拟) how these engrams develop, becoming sharper with learning or fading through forgetting, based on interactions with the outside world. (印记可以被认为是一小群脑细胞，当特定记忆被唤起 时，它们会一起激活。在他们的模型中，每个概念，比如香蕉，是在“概念空间”中由几个特征定义的对象。 这些特征对应于感官输入——香蕉的样子、气味、味道等等。对于人类来说，这形成了一个五维的概念。该 模型模拟了这些印记是如何发展的，通过与外界的互动，在学习中变得更清晰或在遗忘中逐渐消失)”，这是 在从数学角度解释记忆存储的物理基础。故选 D 项。

(3)题解析： 推理判断题。由第四段“Although he says it’s just a guess to apply this idea to human development (尽管他说将 这一想法应用于人类发展只是一种猜测)”可知，Nikolay Brilliantov 对将该发现应用于人类发展持谨慎保留 的态度。故选 C 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句“Scientists from the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) have developed a computational framework of memory processes, suggesting the best number of senses for learning and preserving information is seven.(斯科尔科沃科学技术研究所（Skoltech）的科学家们开发了一个记忆过程的计 算框架，表明学习和保存信息的最佳感官数量是 7 个)”以及第四段也进一步阐述了七种感官对记忆容量的 优势。A 选项“Why Seven Is Better for Memory Capacity (为什么七种感官对记忆容量更有利)”最能概括全文 围绕“七种感官对记忆容量的积极作用”这一主旨。故选 A 项。

Passage 5

（25-26 高二上·浙江环大罗山·期中）It seems no one can really agree on the question of “What’s so funny?”. So, imagine trying to teach a robot how to laugh. But that’s exactly what a team of researchers at Kyoto University in Japan are trying to design, an AI that takes its cues through a shared laughter system. The scientists describe their innovative approach to building a funny bone for the Japanese android “Erica” in the latest issue of the journal Frontiers in Robotics and AI. “We think that one of the important functions of conversational AI is empathy (移情，共鸣),”explained lead author Dr Koji Inoue, an assistant professor at Kyoto University in the Department of Intelligence Science and Technology within the Graduate School of Informatics. “One way a robot can empathize with users is to share their laughter.” In the shared-laughter model, a human first laughs and the AI system responds with laughter as an empathetic response. This approach required designing three subsystems — one to detect laughter, a second to decide whether to laugh, and a third to choose the type of appropriate laughter. The type of laughter is also important, because in some cases a polite chuckle may be more appropriate than a loud snort of laughter. The team tested Erica’s new sense of humor by creating four different short dialogues between a person and Erica with her new shared-laughter system. Then they asked more than 130 people in total to listen to each dialogue 66 / 124

within the three different conditions — shared-laughter system, no laughter, all laughter — and evaluated the interactions based on human-likeness, naturalness and understanding. The shared-laughter system performed better than either baseline(基准). “Robots should actually have a distinct character, and we think that they can show this through their conversational behaviors, such as laughing, eye gaze, gestures and speaking style,” Inoue added, “We do not think this is an easy problem at all, and it may well take more than 10 to 20 years before we can finally have a casual chat with a robot like we would with a friend.”

1.Why does the author mention the question in the beginning? A. To review different views on humour. B. To invite readers to join the discussion. C. To emphasize the difficulty of the research. D. To clarify the value of a sense of humour. 2.What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A. The study purpose. B. The working principle. C. The test result. D. The research impact. 3.Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Erica was designed to tell jokes in four dialogues. B. Over 130 people had live conversations with Erica. C. The shared-laughter dialogues came out on top. D. Listeners laughed most in the shared-laughter system. 4.What is Inove’s attitude towards conversational AI’s development? A. Realistic B. Optimistic C. Critical D. Indifferent

答案：1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文，文章围绕“教机器人笑”这一研究展开，介绍了日本京都大学的研究团队为机器人“Erica”设 计共享笑料系统的相关情况。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“It seems no one can really agree on the question of “What’s so funny?”. So, imagine trying to teach a robot how to laugh. But that’s exactly what a team of researchers at Kyoto University in Japan are trying to design, an AI that takes its cues through a shared laughter system (似乎没有人能真正就“什么东西这么 好笑？”这个问题达成一致。那么，想象一下教机器人如何笑会是怎样的场景。而这正是日本京都大学的一 个研究团队正在努力设计的——一个通过共享笑料系统获取线索的人工智能)”可知，作者开篇提出“什么是

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好笑的”这一没有统一答案的问题，是为了引出“教机器人笑”的研究，从而强调该研究的难度。故选 C。

(2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“In the shared-laughter model, a human first laughs and the AI system responds with laughter as an empathetic response. This approach required designing three subsystems — one to detect laughter, a second to decide whether to laugh, and a third to choose the type of appropriate laughter. The type of laughter is also important, because in some cases a polite chuckle may be more appropriate than a loud snort of laughter (在共享笑 料模型中，人类先笑，然后人工智能系统以笑作为共鸣回应。这种方法需要设计三个子系统——一个用于检 测笑料，第二个用于判断是否要笑，第三个用于选择合适的笑的类型。笑的类型也很重要，因为在某些情况 下，礼貌的轻笑可能比大声的喷笑更合适)”可知，第三段主要介绍了共享笑料系统的工作原理，包括运作模 式、所需子系统及笑的类型选择。故选 B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The team tested Erica’s new sense of humor by creating four different short dialogues between a person and Erica with her new shared-laughter system. Then they asked more than 130 people in total to listen to each dialogue within the three different conditions — shared-laughter system, no laughter, all laughter — and evaluated the interactions based on human-likeness, naturalness and understanding. The shared-laughter system performed better than either baseline (基准) (该团队通过构建一个人与搭载新共享笑料系统的“Erica”之间的四 个不同短对话，来测试“Erica”新的幽默感。然后，他们让总共 130 多人在三种不同条件下聆听每个对话— —共享笑料系统、无笑料、全笑料——并根据拟人化程度、自然度和理解度对互动进行评估。共享笑料系统 的表现优于两个基准组)”可知，采用共享笑料系统的对话表现最佳。故选 C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Inoue added, “We do not think this is an easy problem at all, and it may well take more than 10 to 20 years before we can finally have a casual chat with a robot like we would with a friend.” (井上补充 道：“我们认为这绝不是一个容易的问题，要实现像和朋友一样与机器人随意聊天，很可能需要 10 到 20 年 以上的时间。”)”可知，井上既承认研究的难度，又对未来实现目标有合理预期，其态度是务实的、现实的。 故选 A。

Passage 6

（25-26 高二上·浙江七彩阳光·期中）A new study by neuropsychologists Jared Benge and Michael Scullin examined the impact of technology on older people and found greater use of technology was associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline (认知衰退). The two neuropsychologists adopted meta-analysis where the results of many previous studies are combined. They searched for studies examining technology use in people aged over 50 and examined the association with cognitive decline or dementia (痴呆症). They found 57 studies which included data from more than 411,000 adults. These studies measured cognitive decline or a diagnosis of dementia. Statistical tests were used to determine the “odds” of having cognitive decline based on use of technology. An 68 / 124

odds ratio (优势比) under 1 suggests a reduced risk from exposure. The combined odds ratio in this study was 0.42, which means higher use of technology was associated with a 58% risk reduction for cognitive decline. Interestingly, the degree of the effect of technology use on brain function found in this study was similar or stronger than other known protective factors, such as physical activity (approximately a 35% risk reduction), or maintaining a healthy blood pressure (approximately a 13% risk reduction). In reality, it’s unavoidable to live in the world without using technology. Everything from paying bills to booking tickets is almost completely done online. Maybe we should instead think about how we use technology. Cognitively beneficial activities on digital devices like reading, learning a new language and playing music—particularly in early adulthood—can help protect our brains as we age. In spite of the encouraging findings, we still can’t say technology use causes better cognitive function. More research is needed to understand why this relationship happens and to see if these findings are applicable in different groups of people (especially those from low and middle income countries) who were underrepresented in this study.

1.What can you learn according to the new study? A. Greater use of technology causes lower cognitive ability. B. The old using technology have a lower risk of cognitive decline. C. Its data were collected by Jared Benge and Michael Scullin. D. The purpose of the study is to help ease cognitive decline. 2.What do the data in Paragraph 3 and 4 suggest? A. Higher use of technology increases the risk of dementia. B. Doing physical activities is healthier than using technology. C. Technology use can be a protective factor in brain function. D. A healthy blood pressure is crucial to keeping cognitive level. 3.What is the fifth paragraph intended to convey? A. What technology to choose. B. How to protect our brains properly. C. How to use technology wisely. D. What tips to improve brain function. 4.How does the writer think of the the new study? A. Practical. B. Ignorant. C. Accurate. D. Limited.

答案：1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了关于科技设备的使用降低老年痴呆风险的研究。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study by neuropsychologists Jared Benge and Michael Scullin examined the

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impact of technology on older people and found greater use of technology was associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline (认知衰退).(神经心理学家 Jared Benge 和 Michael Scullin 进行的一项新研究调查了科技对老 年人的影响，发现更多地使用科技与降低认知能力下降的风险有关)”以及第二段“They searched for studies examining technology use in people aged over 50 and examined the association with cognitive decline or dementia ( 痴 呆 症). They found 57 studies which included data from more than 411,000 adults. These studies measured cognitive decline or a diagnosis of dementia.(他们搜索了有关 50 岁以上人群使用科技产品与认知能力下降或 痴呆症之间关系的研究。他们发现了 57 项研究，其中包括来自 41 万 1000 多名成年人的数据。这些研究测 量了认知能力下降或痴呆症的诊断)”可知，根据这项新研究，能学到使用科技产品的老年人认知能力下降的 风险较低。故选 B 项。

(2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“An odds ratio (优势比) under 1 suggests a reduced risk from exposure. The combined odds ratio in this study was 0.42, which means higher use of technology was associated with a 58% risk reduction for cognitive decline.(比值比小于 1 表明暴露的风险降低。这项研究的综合优势比为 0.42，这意味着更多地使 用技术与认知能力下降的风险降低 58%有关)”以及第四段“Interestingly, the degree of the effect of technology use on brain function found in this study was similar or stronger than other known protective factors, such as physical activity (approximately a 35% risk reduction), or maintaining a healthy blood pressure (approximately a 13% risk reduction).(有趣的是，在这项研究中发现，技术使用对大脑功能的影响程度与其他已知的保护因素相似或更 强，如体育活动（约降低 35%的风险），或保持健康的血压（约降低 13%的风险）)”可知，第 3 段和第 4 段 的数据说明了使用科技产品可能是保护大脑功能的一个因素。故选 C 项。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第五段“In reality, it’s unavoidable to live in the world without using technology. Everything from paying bills to booking tickets is almost completely done online. Maybe we should instead think about how we use technology. Cognitively beneficial activities on digital devices like reading, learning a new language and playing music—particularly in early adulthood—can help protect our brains as we age.(在现实中，离开科技而生活是不 可能的。从支付账单到订票，几乎都是在网上完成的。也许我们应该考虑如何使用技术。在数字设备上进行 对认知有益的活动，比如阅读、学习一门新语言和演奏音乐——尤其是在成年早期——可以帮助保护我们 的大脑)”可知，本段主要讲述了如何明智地使用技术。故选 C 项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“In spite of the encouraging findings, we still can’t say technology use causes better cognitive function. More research is needed to understand why this relationship happens and to see if these findings are applicable in different groups of people (especially those from low and middle income countries) who were underrepresented in this study.(尽管有这些令人鼓舞的发现，我们仍然不能说技术的使用会导致更好的认知功 能。需要更多的研究来理解为什么会发生这种关系，并看看这些发现是否适用于本研究中代表性不足的不 同人群（特别是来自低收入和中等收入国家的人群）)”可知，作者明确指出研究存在“无法确定因果关系、

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样本不全面”，所以认为这项新研究具有“局限性”。故选 D 项。

主题语境 04 人与自我-生活与学习

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·安徽·鼎尖名校期中）Scientists have made an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of how our immune systems respond to cancer. By understanding these biochemical pathways, we may be able to increase the effectiveness of existing immunotherapy (免疫疗法) treatments and make them accessible to a wider range of patients. Immunotherapy uses our body’s own immune system to fight cancer. Normally our immune systems work hard to spot and destroy potential cancer cells before they can grow into a tumor (肿瘤). Immunotherapy works by helping our immune systems to recognize and attack these cancer cells, and has several key benefits over traditional chemotherapy (化疗). Firstly, although it does have some side effects, immunotherapy is less harmful and easier for the patient to handle. Secondly, by training the immune system to fight off the tumor, patients can develop long-term immunological memory which helps stop the tumor from coming back. However, immunotherapy doesn’t work for everyone. Although three in five patients could be responsive to certain immunotherapies, what about the other 40 percent? What if there was a way to boost their immune system’s response to these cancers? In a new study, published in the journal Nature Genes&Immunity, researchers from the University of Turku in Finland may have found just that. The research focuses on a protein called TIMP-1, which has traditionally been known to play a role in protecting the body’s cells and tissues from damage. However, according to the new research, led by Carlos Rogerio Figueiredo, a professor in biomedicine at the University of Turku, it may also be able to help boost the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Figueiredo and his team had seen that when there is a lot of TIMP-1 in melanoma tissue, more “killer” T-cells (the soldiers of our immune system) will enter it. And patients also tend to survive longer. “For patients with low levels of TIMP-1 expression, our discovery helps create practical treatment innovations,” Figueiredo said in a statement.

1.What advantage does immunotherapy have over traditional chemotherapy? A. It has no side effects. B. It works for all cancer patients. C. It uses “killer” T-cells to directly destroy tumors. D. It helps develop long-term immunological memory. 2.What was the originally known function of TIMP-1? A. To replace traditional chemotherapy treatments. B. To help the immune system recognize cancer cells. 71 / 124

C. To guard the body’s cells and tissues against injury. D. To increase the number of “killer” T-cells in tumors. 3.What is Figueiredo’s attitude towards the new discovery about TIMP-1? A. Optimistic. B. Unconcerned. C. Doubtful. D. Critical. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. TIMP-1: A Key to Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy. B. Limitations that Current Cancer Immunotherapy Has. C. Ways that the Immune System Fights Against Cancer. D. Chemotherapy: A New Hope for Cancer Patients.

答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A

解析：导语：本文是说明文。文章核心围绕癌症治疗展开，介绍了免疫疗法的原理及相较于传统化疗的优势，指出其“并 非对所有患者有效”的局限，阐述芬兰研究团队的新发现——蛋白质 TIMP-1 不仅能保护细胞组织，还可增 强免疫系统识别并摧毁癌细胞的能力，为提升免疫疗法效果、帮助更多患者提供了新方向。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Secondly, by training the immune system to fight off the tumor, patients can develop long-term immunological memory which helps stop the tumor from coming back.(其次，通过训练免疫系统来对 抗肿瘤，患者可以培养长期的免疫记忆，这有助于阻止肿瘤复发)”可知，出免疫疗法的优势之一是有助于培 养长期的免疫记忆。故选 D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The research focuses on a protein called TIMP-1, which has traditionally been known to play a role in protecting the body’s cells and tissues from damage.(该研究的重点在于一种名为 TIMP-1 的蛋白 质，传统上人们认为这种蛋白质在保护人体细胞和组织免受损伤方面发挥着作用。)”可知，最初知道的关于 TIMP-1 的功能是保护人体的细胞和组织免受损伤。故选 C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“For patients with low levels of TIMP-1 expression, our discovery helps create practical treatment innovations(对于 TIMP-1 水平较低的患者而言，我们的这一发现有助于推动实用的治疗创新。)”可 知，Figueiredo 认为这一发现有助于创造切实可行的治疗创新，体现出他对该发现的积极态度，即“乐观的 （Optimistic）”，与选项 A 一致。故选 A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists have made an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of how our immune systems respond to cancer. By understanding these biochemical pathways, we may be able to increase the effectiveness of existing immunotherapy( 免 疫 疗 法)treatments and make them accessible to a wider range of patients.(科学家们在我们对免疫系统如何应对癌症的理解方面取得了重大突破。通过深入了解这些生物化学

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过程，我们或许能够提高现有免疫疗法的效果，并使其能够惠及更多患者。)”并通读全文可知，文章核心逻 辑为：免疫疗法存在“并非对所有患者有效”的局限，新研究聚焦蛋白质 TIMP-1，发现其可能增强免疫系统 对抗癌细胞的能力，能为部分患者带来治疗创新。因此推断全文围绕“TIMP-1 对提升免疫疗法效果的作用” 展开，选项 A“TIMP-1：提升癌症免疫疗法的关键”精准概括核心，符合标题要求。故选 A。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·浙江强基联盟 A 卷-11 月·期中）In recent years, prefabricated dishes have grown rapidly popular in China. These are pre-cooked, seasoned, and packaged meals that require little to no preparation, offering a quick and convenient dining option without sacrificing major taste or nutrition. As people grow increasingly busier, time for cooking has become a rare resource. Prefabricated dishes address this pressing need by offering a significant reduction in meal preparation time. Other factors also contribute to their popularity — such as the convenience of e-commerce and delivery services that allow easy online ordering and quick home delivery, and the role of modern technology like vacuum and adjusted atmosphere packaging slows food spoilage. Along with precise temperature control and bacteria-killing techniques that ensure safety and quality, it is ultimately the fundamental demand for time-saving solutions in a nonstop world that serves as the primary driving force for their widespread acceptance. However, the rise of prefabricated dishes is not without concerns. Health issues remain a primary consideration, as some products contain additives and preservatives, which could pose risks if consumed excessively. Additionally, when compared to traditional freshly prepared meals, they often fall short in keeping the original flavor and nutritional value. In response, governments have carried out stricter safety standards and enhanced quality control measures. Meanwhile, certain manufacturers are actively exploring the use of natural ingredients and reducing additives to improve nutritional composition. As a growing trend in China’s food industry, prefabricated dishes provide undeniable convenience, yet consumers are advised to remain cautious about their dietary choices. The future of the industry relies on balanced development — where convenience, safety, and health can coexist.

1.What is the main reason behind the popularity of prefabricated dishes according to the text? A. The social trend of pursuing a modern lifestyle. B. The government’s strong promotion and support. C. The superior flavor they offer compared to home-cooked meals. D. The time-saving convenience they provide in a fast-paced society. 2.The underlined word “spoilage” in Paragraph 2 most probably means the process of ______. A. losing nutritional value B. changing original flavor C. becoming bad or unfit to eat D. being delivered to customers 73 / 124

3.Which of the following best describes the current situation of prefabricated dishes according to the text? A. They are gradually replacing traditional cooking in most households. B. They are achieving widespread acceptance and also arousing doubts. C. They are considered as equally nutritious as freshly prepared meals. D. They have mostly addressed food safety issues through regulations. 4.What is the author’s attitude toward the industry’s future? A. Favorable. B. Objective. C. Critical. D. Indifferent.

答案：1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国预制菜的快速流行及其省时优势、电商与技术助力，同时提及健康等顾 虑及行业未来发展方向。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Along with precise temperature control and bacteria-killing techniques that ensure safety and quality, it is ultimately the fundamental demand for time-saving solutions in a nonstop world that serves as the primary driving force for their widespread acceptance. (除了确保安全和质量的精确温度控制和杀菌技术外，这 最终是在一个不间断的世界中节省时间的解决方案的基本需求，也是其被广泛接受的主要动力。)”可知，预 制菜受欢迎的主要原因是其在现代快节奏社会中提供的省时便利性。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 词 句 猜 测 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 “Other factors also contribute to their popularity — such as the convenience of e- commerce and delivery services that allow easy online ordering and quick home delivery, and the role of modern technology like vacuum and adjusted atmosphere packaging slows food spoilage. (其他因素也有助于它们的普及， 例如电子商务和快递服务的便利性，使在线订购和快速送货上门变得容易，以及真空和调节气氛包装等现 代技术的作用，减缓了食品的 spoilage。)”及常识可知，包装技术的作用是延缓食物变坏，故划线单词 spoilage 指的是变质、不宜食用的过程。故选 C 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“In recent years, prefabricated dishes have grown rapidly popular in China. These are pre- cooked, seasoned, and packaged meals that require little to no preparation, offering a quick and convenient dining option without sacrificing major taste or nutrition. (近年来，预制菜在中国迅速流行起来。这些是预先烹饪、调 味和包装好的食物，几乎不需要准备，在不牺牲主要口味或营养的情况下提供了一种快速方便的用餐选择。)” 和 第 三 段 “However, the rise of prefabricated dishes is not without concerns. Health issues remain a primary consideration, as some products contain additives and preservatives, which could pose risks if consumed excessively. Additionally, when compared to traditional freshly prepared meals, they often fall short in keeping the original flavor and nutritional value. (然而，预制菜的兴起并非没有引起人们的担忧。健康问题仍然是首要考虑因素，因为 一些产品含有添加剂和防腐剂，如果过量食用，可能会带来风险。此外，与传统的新鲜烹制的饭菜相比，它

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们往往无法保持原有的味道和营养价值。)”可知，文章既讨论了预制菜的流行原因(如便利性、技术支持)， 也提及担忧(如健康问题、风味和营养不足)，还指出监管机构和生产商正采取措施应对问题，可见预制菜既 被广泛接受，也引发质疑。故选 B 项。

(4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“In recent years, prefabricated dishes have grown rapidly popular in China. These are pre- cooked, seasoned, and packaged meals that require little to no preparation, offering a quick and convenient dining option without sacrificing major taste or nutrition. (近年来，预制菜在中国迅速流行起来。这些是预先烹饪、调 味和包装好的食物，几乎不需要准备，在不牺牲主要口味或营养的情况下提供了一种快速方便的用餐选择。)” 和 第 三 段 “However, the rise of prefabricated dishes is not without concerns. Health issues remain a primary consideration, as some products contain additives and preservatives, which could pose risks if consumed excessively. Additionally, when compared to traditional freshly prepared meals, they often fall short in keeping the original flavor and nutritional value .(然而，预制菜的兴起并非没有引起人们的担忧。健康问题仍然是首要考虑因素，因为 一些产品含有添加剂和防腐剂，如果过量食用，可能会带来风险。此外，与传统的新鲜烹制的饭菜相比，它 们 往 往 无 法 保 持 原 有 的 味 道 和 营 养 价 值 。)” 和 最 后 一 段 “As a growing trend in China’s food industry, prefabricated dishes provide undeniable convenience, yet consumers are advised to remain cautious about their dietary choices. The future of the industry relies on balanced development — where convenience, safety, and health can coexist. (作为中国食品行业日益增长的趋势，预制菜肴提供了不可否认的便利，但建议消费者对饮食选 择保持谨慎。该行业的未来取决于平衡发展——便利、安全和健康可以共存。)”可知，作者同时呈现预制菜 的积极与消极因素，在文末还提出需满足条件才能实现的未来展望，整体态度不偏不倚、基于事实，体现客 观的态度。故选 B 项。

Passage 3

（25-26 高二上·湖北省级示范高中教育教学改革联盟·期中）Imagine getting an MRI (核磁共振成像) of your knees and being told you have “mild intrasubstance degeneration of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (内侧半月板).” Most of us who didn’t go to medical school are not going to be able to decipher that term as anything meaningful or understand what is actionable from that diagnosis. That’s why Stanford radiologists developed a large language model(LLM) to help address patients’ medical concerns and questions. Using this model, a patient getting a knee MRI could get a more useful and simple explanation: Your knee’s meniscus is a tissue in your knee that serves as a cushion, and, like a pillow, the meniscus has gone a little flat but still can function. This LLM, called “RadGPT” can extract concepts from a radiologist’s report to then provide an explanation of that concept and suggest possible follow-up questions. Traditionally, medical expertise is needed to understand the technical reports radiologists write about patient scans, said Curtis Langlotz, Stanford professor of radiology, of medicine, and of biomedical data science. “We hope that our technology won’t just help to explain the results, but 75 / 124

will also help to improve the communication between doctor and patient.” Tools like RadGPT could get patients more engaged in their care, Langlotz believes, because they can better understand what their test results actually mean. “Doctors don’t always have the time to go through and explain reports, line by line,” Langlotz said. “I think patients who really do understand what’s in their medical record are going to get better care and will ask better questions.” To develop RadGPT, the Stanford team took 30 sample radiology reports and extracted five concepts from each report. They developed explanations for them and three question-and-answer pairs that patients might commonly ask. Five radiologists who reviewed these explanations determined that the system is unlikely to produce hallucinations or other harmful explanations. AI is still a long way from being able to accurately interpret raw scans. Instead, the current RadGPT model depends on a human radiologist dictating a report, and only then will the system extract concepts from what they have written. “As with any other healthcare technology, safety is absolutely primary,” said Sanna Herwald, the study’s lead author and a Stanford resident in graduate medical education. “The reason this study is so exciting is because the RadGPT-generated materials were generally considered safe without further change. This means that RadGPT is a promising tool that may, after further testing and validation (确认有效), directly educate patients about their urgent or incidental imaging findings in real time at the patient’s convenience.”

1.What does the underlined word “decipher” in the second paragraph probably mean? A. Interpret. B. Appeal. C. Encounter. D. Guarantee. 2.What can we infer from Curtis Langlotz’s words about doctor-patient communication? A. Doctors usually explain radiology reports in great detail to patients. B. Patients’ lack of understanding of reports may affect their medical care. C. The 21st Century Cures Act has solved the problem of poor communication. D. Doctors prefer patients not to ask questions about their radiology reports. 3.What is Sanna Herwald’ s attitude towards RadGPT? A. Doubtful. B. Negative. C. Favourable. D. Critical. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. A new AI tool has been developed to scan patients. B. RadGPT helps patients understand their radiology report. C. RadGPT will replace radiologists to offer medical advice. D. A new AI tool helps accelerate the production of radiology reports.

答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。主要说明了斯坦福大学研发的 RadGPT 模型，可将放射科医生的专业报告转化为通俗解

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释，提供后续问题建议，助力医患沟通与患者参与诊疗，经评估安全，未来或实时服务患者。

(1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Most of us who didn’t go to medical school(我们当中大多数没有接受过医学专 业培训的人)”以及后文“that term as anything meaningful or understand what is actionable from that diagnosis(这 个术语的含义的，也无法从诊断结果中得出任何有意义的结论或了解如何采取相应的行动)”可知，大多数人 因为没有接受过医学专业培训，所以无法理解专业术语。故划线词意思是“理解”。故选 A。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“I think patients who really do understand what’s in their medical record are going to get better care and will ask better questions.(我认为那些真正理解自己病历内容的患者将会得到更好的治疗，并且 会提出更恰当的问题)”可知，从柯蒂斯·朗洛茨关于医患沟通的言论中，患者对报告内容的不理解可能会对 他们的医疗护理产生影响。可知选 B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段““The reason this study is so exciting is because the RadGPT-generated materials were generally considered safe without further change. This means that RadGPT is a promising tool that may, after further testing and validation (确认有效), directly educate patients about their urgent or incidental imaging findings in real time at the patient’s convenience.”(这项研究之所以如此令人兴奋，是因为由 RadGPT 生成的材料通常被认为 无需进一步修改即可安全使用。这意味着 RadGPT 是一种很有前景的工具，经过进一步的测试和验证后， 它能够根据患者的需求，在患者方便的时候直接向患者解释其紧急或偶然的影像检查结果)”可知，萨娜·赫 瓦尔德对 RadGPT 的态度是赞成的。故选 C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第四段“This LLM, called “RadGPT” can extract concepts from a radiologist’s report to then provide an explanation of that concept and suggest possible follow-up questions.(这款名为“RadGPT”的语言模型 能够从放射科医生的报告中提取出相关概念，进而对该概念进行解释，并提出可能的后续问题)”以及文章主 要说明了斯坦福大学研发的 RadGPT 模型，可将放射科医生的专业报告转化为通俗解释，提供后续问题建 议，助力医患沟通与患者参与诊疗，经评估安全，未来或实时服务患者。可知，这篇文章的主要观点是 RadGPT 能帮助患者理解他们的放射学报告。故选 B。

Passage 4

（25-26 高二上·湖北八校联考·期中）A new study from the University of California San Diego says learning Mandarin Chinese can help with music. In a paper in Developmental Science, researchers found that preschoolers who speak Mandarin first are better at musical pitch (音高) than those who speak English. The results are not just about finding who might be good at music early. The study shows that when the brain learns skills in one area, it can affect learning in another. Sarah Creel, the lead author from UC San Diego’s Department of Cognitive Science (认知科学系), said, “A big question is whether our mental abilities are separate. For example, do we have special brain systems only for language? Our research suggests the opposite — there’s a 77 / 124

kind of interaction and we can use cognitive abilities in different areas.” The researchers did two experiments with young Mandarin learners and English learners. They tested 180 children on tasks about pitch patterns and timbre (音色). In the timbre task, Mandarin-speakers and English-speakers did similarly. But in the pitch task, Mandarin-speakers outperform English-speakers. Mandarin is a tone language. The authors think that paying attention to tones helps young Mandarin speakers notice pitch in music better. Gail Heyman, a co-author from UC San Diego’s Department of Psychology, said, “This shows that the language you speak affects how you understand music. It supports the idea of cross-domain (跨领域) learning.” The study’s co-authors wrote, “We show for the first time that learning a tone language is connected with better musical pitch processing in young children. This is important for neuroscience (神经科学) and behavior, and our research can help design brain training programs.” But Heyman and Creel advise: Don’t stop your child’s music lessons to focus only on language, or language lessons for music. To be good at music, you still need to study music. And learning another language is good in itself, whether it makes you a better musician or not.

1.What is the main finding of the new study? A. Listening to music early is always good. B. Mandarin is better than English in all ways. C. Preschoolers have totally different mental skills. D. Learning Mandarin helps people understand music. 2.What does the underlined word “outperform” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Do better than. B. Do worse than. C. Act differently from. D. React similarly to. 3.What can the study’s findings help do? A. Make more exact language tests. B. Create better cognitive training plans. C. Find out kids’ musical ability very early. D. Make music teaching more interesting. 4.What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A. To point out the study’s problems. B. To suggest topics for future research. C. To prevent overinterpreting the results. D. To tell people to value early education.

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答案：1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。加州大学圣地亚哥分校研究发现，学龄前普通话使用者的音乐音高感知优于英语使用者， 因普通话声调学习助力音高识别，证实跨领域认知关联，且研究可辅助设计大脑训练项目。

(1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new study from the University of California San Diego says learning Mandarin Chinese can help with music.(加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校的一项新研究表明，学习汉语普通话对音乐能力 有益)”可知，这项新研究的主要发现是学习普通话有助于人们更好地理解音乐。故选 D。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“In the timbre task, Mandarin-speakers and English-speakers did similarly.(在音色 测试中，说普通话的人和说英语的人表现得大致相同)”可知，在音色任务中，说普通话和英语的儿童表现相 似，但在音高任务中，说普通话的儿童 outperform 说英语的儿童，通过“but”的转折逻辑可推断，outperform 意为“表现优于”。故划线词意思是“表现优于”。故选 A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“The study’s co-authors wrote, “We show for the first time that learning a tone language is connected with better musical pitch processing in young children. This is important for neuroscience (神经科学) and behavior, and our research can help design brain training programs.”(该研究的合著者写道：“我们首次证明， 学习一种声调语言与幼儿对音乐音高的处理能力的提高有关。这在神经科学和行为学领域都具有重要意义， 而我们的研究有助于设计大脑训练方案。”)”可知，该研究的成果有助于制定更有效的认知训练计划。故选 B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“But Heyman and Creel advise: Don’t stop your child’s music lessons to focus only on language, or language lessons for music. To be good at music, you still need to study music. And learning another language is good in itself, whether it makes you a better musician or not.(但海曼和克里尔建议：不要因为只专注 于语言学习而中断孩子的音乐课程，也不要只专注于音乐课程而忽略语言学习。要想精通音乐，你仍然需要 学习音乐知识。而且学习另一种语言本身也是有益的，无论它是否能让你成为更出色的音乐家)”可推知，最 后一段的目的是避免对结果进行过度解读。故选 C。

Passage 5

（25-26 高二上·辽宁辽南协作体·期中）Researchers in the University of New South Wales have found a way to 3D print wagyu beef ( 和 牛 肉) in a lab — a step they believe will one day help make widely available and sustainably-produced cuts of cultured (实验室培养) meat that closely resemble original products. Using stem cells that they took from wagyu cows, the researchers set out to create a structure with the characteristic marbling (大理石花纹) seen in wagyu beef that sets it apart from other cuts of beef. By isolating beef cells, the researchers organized how the muscles, blood vessels, and fat should be stacked (堆叠). The researchers 79 / 124

then shaped these tissues into the form of a steak using a technique called 3D bio-printing, where cell structures can be layered to resemble real tissues in living things. The researchers believe that proving that a wagyu steak can be accurately 3D-printed could be a big step toward a sustainable future where cultured meat can be created that closely resembles existing products. Its origins from real meat also differentiate it from plant-based options, like those created by Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods. “By improving this technology, it will be possible to not only reproduce complex meat structures, such as the beautiful marbling of wagyu beef but to also make subtle adjustments to the fat and muscle components,” Nathan, one of the project’s researchers, said in a statement. Nathan said that with these adjustments, customers might one day be able to order a cultured cut of meat with the amount of fat they desire, tailor-made to their tastes and health concerns. While this might be the first cut of wagyu beef ever to be 3D printed, other attempts have been made to bio- print steaks. In February this year, Aleph Farms and the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology jointly bio-printed and cultivated a rib eye steak using real cow cells.

1.How did the researchers make 3D-printed wagyu beef? A. By layering different meat to produce wagyu beef. B. By processing wagyu beef to join existing products. C. By shaping different tissues with stem cells of wagyu cows. D. By separating the muscles, blood vessels, and fat of wagyu cows. 2.What does Nathan probably think of the 3D-printed beef? A. It can be improved and adjusted. B. It will be replaced by better beef. C. It can replace the real beef finally. D. It will be hard to be popular among customers. 3.What does the underlined word “tailor-made” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Handmade. B. Personalized. C. Applied. D. Attached. 4.Why are Aleph Farms and the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering mentioned? A. To introduce how to 3D-print beef. B. To encourage people to make steaks. C. To show more attempts to make bio-printed steaks. D. To explain the importance of developing a rib eye steak.

答案：1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了新南威尔士大学的研究人员如何用 3D 打印技术制作和牛肉，以及这种 技术的潜在应用和意义。

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(1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Using stem cells that they took from wagyu cows, the researchers set out to create a structure with the characteristic marbling ( 大 理 石 花 纹) seen in wagyu beef that sets it apart from other cuts of beef.(研究人员利用从和牛身上提取的干细胞，开始创造一种具有和牛肉特有纹理的结构，这种纹理使和牛 肉与其他牛肉不同。)”以及“The researchers then shaped these tissues into the form of a steak using a technique called 3D bio-printing, where cell structures can be layered to resemble real tissues-in living things.(然后，他们运 用一种名为 3D 生物打印的技术将这些组织塑造成牛排的形状，在这种技术中，细胞结构可以分层，以模仿 生物体内真实组织的形态。)”可知，研究人员用和牛的干细胞塑造不同的组织来制作 3D 打印的和牛肉。故 选 C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段““By improving this technology, it will be possible to not only reproduce complex meat structures, such as the beautiful marbling of wagyu beef but to also make subtle adjustments to the fat and muscle components,” Nathan, one of the project’s researchers, said in a statement.(“通过改进这项技术，不仅可以复制复 杂的肉类结构，比如和牛肉美丽的纹理，还可以对脂肪和肌肉成分进行细微调整，”该项目的研究人员之一 Nathan 在一份声明中说。)”可推知，内森认为 3D 打印的牛肉是可以改进和调整的。故选 A。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第五段“Nathan said that with these adjustments, customers might one day be able to order a cultured cut of meat with the amount of fat they desire, tailor-made to their tastes and health concerns.(Nathan 说， 通过这些调整，未来有一天顾客或许能够订购到脂肪含量符合自己需求、根据个人口味和健康考虑 tailor- made 的实验室培养肉。)”可知，通过这些调整，顾客可以得到他们想要的肉的类型，即个性化的实验室培 养肉。故 tailor-made 意思是“个性化的”。A. Handmade 手工制作的；B. Personalized 个性化的；C. Applied 应 用的；D. Attached 附加的。故选 B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“While this might be the first cut of wagyu beef ever to be 3D printed, other attempts have been made to bio-print steaks. In February this year, Aleph Farms and the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology jointly bio-printed and cultivated a rib eye steak using real cow cells.(虽 然这可能是有史以来第一次 3D 打印的和牛肉，但其他打印牛排的尝试也已进行。今年 2 月，Aleph Farms 和以色列理工学院生物医学工程学院联合使用真正的牛细胞生物打印并培育了一块肋眼牛排。)”可推知，最 后一段提到 Aleph Farms 和生物医学工程学院是为了展示更多的制作生物打印牛排的尝试。故选 C。

Passage 6

（25-26 高二上·浙江浙南名校联盟-11 月·期中）A humorous remark at just the right time can go a long way. Benevolent ( 善 意 的) humour helps medical assistants (MAs) cope positively with their stressful working day, according to a new study by the Martin Luther University (MLU) and the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training. The researchers surveyed more than 600 MAs and found that those who preferred light, well-intended 81 / 124

humour were more satisfied with their work and received more positive feedback. Dark humour, such as sarcasm (嘲 讽), was more likely to have disadvantages. Medical assistants mostly work in primary health care, especially medical practices. In Germany, becoming an MA requires three years of vocational training. Their daily routine is highly demanding: they handle administrative tasks, take blood samples, and apply wound dressings. “Medical assistants are in very close contact with patients most of the day. They have significant responsibility and experience high stress,” says Julia Raceke, a doctoral researcher at MLU. While humour has long been known to help healthcare workers manage stress, less is understood about the impacts of different humour styles. The researchers conducted an online survey of over 600 MAs to better understand the relationship between job satisfaction and humour styles. Participants shared their humour preferences and provided information on their workplace well-being and perceived competence. Results indicated that those who preferred positive, benevolent humour were generally more satisfied with their jobs. These MAs also reported receiving more positive feedback and feeling that they made a greater difference at work. Surprisingly, not all forms of dark humour connected negatively with well-being—satire and irony showed no negative effects. However, cynicism and sarcasm were mostly harmful. Still, the researchers noted that occasional sarcasm among colleagues might help release frustration. According to the researchers, humour is one of several factors influencing workplace well-being. Using humour consciously and appropriately can make patient interactions more pleasant. The findings may also help develop new training programs to enhance MAs’ social and emotional skills through online tools.

1.What is the main finding of the study conducted by MLU? A. Benevolent humour contributes to MAs’ job satisfaction. B. Sarcasm is the most effective humour style in healthcare. C. Humour has no significant effect on workplace well-being. D. Medical assistants prefer dark humour to benevolent humour. 2.What is the purpose of the second paragraph? A. To present the research findings of the study. B. To argue for better working conditions for MAs. C. To compare different humour styles used in healthcare. D. To provide background information about medical assistants. 3.What can we infer about dark humour from the researchers’ analysis? A. It is completely useless for MAs. B. Its effects vary by specific type. C. It is widely accepted by patients. D. It is more effective than positive humour.

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4.What is the research team’s attitude towards the use of humour? A. They are indifferent as its effects are too small to measure. B. They see it as a valuable tool that requires careful application. C. They believe all humour styles should be encouraged equally. D. They are cautious and think it should be avoided in medical settings.

答案：1. A 2. D 3. B 4. B

解析：导语：这是一篇新闻报道，介绍马丁路德大学与德国联邦职业教育研究所的新研究。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Benevolent humour helps medical assistants cope positively with their stressful working day, according to a new study by the Martin Luther University (MLU) and the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training. The researchers surveyed more than 600 MAs and found that those who preferred light, well-intended humour were more satisfied with their work and received more positive feedback. (马丁·路德大学和 联邦职业教育培训研究所的一项新研究表明，善意的幽默有助于医疗助理以积极方式应对紧张的工作日。 研究人员调查了 600 多名医疗助理，发现那些偏爱轻松、善意幽默的人对工作更满意，也收到了更多积极 反馈。)”可知主要发现是“善意幽默提升 MA 工作满意度”。故选 A 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“Medical assistants mostly work in primary health care, especially medical practices. In Germany, becoming an MA requires three years of vocational training. Their daily routine is highly demanding: they handle administrative tasks, take blood samples, and apply wound dressings. “Medical assistants are in very close contact with patients most of the day. They have significant responsibility and experience high stress,” says Julia Raceke, a doctoral researcher at MLU. (医疗助理主要在初级医疗保健机构工作，尤其是在医疗诊所。在德国， 成为医疗助理需要三年的职业培训。他们的日常工作要求极高：处理行政任务、采集血样、更换伤口敷料。 马丁·路德大学的博士研究员朱莉娅·拉切克说：“医疗助理几乎整天与患者密切接触，责任重大，压力也很 高。”)”可知，本段意在“提供医疗助理的背景信息”。故选 D 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Surprisingly, not all forms of dark humour connected negatively with well-being—satire and irony showed no negative effects. However, cynicism and sarcasm were mostly harmful. (令人惊讶的是，并非 所有黑色幽默都与幸福感负相关——讽刺与反讽无负面影响，而愤世嫉俗与嘲讽大多有害。)”可知“不同类 型黑色幽默效果不同”。故选 B 项。 (4)题解析： 推理推断题。根据末段“Using humour consciously and appropriately can make patient interactions more pleasant. The findings may also help develop new training programs to enhance MAs’ social and emotional skills through online tools. (有意识地、恰当地使用幽默可以让医患互动更愉快。研究结果还可能有助于开发新的培训项目，

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通过在线工具提升医疗助理的社交和情感技能。)”可知，团队把幽默视为“需要谨慎运用的有价值工具”。故 选 B 项。

主题语境 05 人与自然-环境

Passage 1

（25-26 高二·山东·联考）It’s picking seasons at Christian Nachtwer’s farm in western Germany and laborers are loading their vehicles with apples. But Nachtwer’s farm is also getting a second harvest: Many of the apple trees grow under solar panels (‘lightBG’) that have been producing electricity, while providing the fruit below with modern stocked shades (‘Rift’). “The idea is simple,” said Nachtwer. “To protect the farm, without reducing the available growing surface and in particular maintaining production, on our old plant, there’s the solar electricity being produced on the same land.” Setting up solar panels on farmland are becoming increasingly popular, as farmers seek to make the most of their land and establish a second source of income. Getting the right mix of crop and solar is hard, because modern fruit varieties are finely used to particulate growing conditions. Any changes can break the balance, costing farmers’ income if their fruit is damaged or not as severe as consumers like. That’s why Nachtwer’s cooperating with researchers to test which apple varieties have (‘EEB’) under the solar panels, and which types of solar panels are best suited for the farm. To compare the results, some trees are covered with a traditional net normally used to protect crops from hail (‘ARG’). Jørgen Zimmer, an expert in charge of the test, said the apples grown under the solar panels were slightly less severe this year than those under the traditional nets. But hardly any of the solar-shaded apples got damaged in the strong sunlight that hit the region so fully 24 this year, while up to 18% of the uncovered fruit suffered sunburn that day, he said. “We need at least two to three full years to record all the weather conditions that might occur, and look at the output and value that the different varieties are perfect,” said Zimmer. Researchers hope the test will show that tree fruit crops thrive under solar panels. This could help prevent renewable energy production from competing for precious land with agriculture—a growing concern for those seeking to deal with climate change and rising food prices.

1.What can we know about the idea of putting solar panels on the farm? A. It offers a chance for farmers to make extra profits. B. Trees provide solar panels with much-needed shade. C. Solar panels significantly decrease the output of apples. D. Farmers grow fewer trees as solar panels cover the land. 2.What may happen at Nachtwer doesn’t get the right mix of crop and solar? A. Solar panels may not work. B. Farmers may get higher incomes. 84 / 124

C. The panels will be damaged. D. The apples’ quality will be influenced. 3.What does Jørgen Zimmer find in the test? A. A net can protect crops from hail. B. Solar-shaded apples have a better taste. C. The panels prevent apples from sunburn. D. Sunburn has more harm to apples than hail. 4.What is the main topic of the text? A. Solar panels compete with crops for land. B. A farmer sees both solar power and apples. C. Solar panels provide energy for agriculture. D. Farmers make efforts to increase income.

答案：1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了德国农民克里斯蒂安·纳赫特韦尔（Christian Nachtwer）在农场推行“农光互补”模 式——在苹果树下安装太阳能电池板，既发电又不影响水果种植，同时研究者通过试验探索该模式下作物 与太阳能的最佳搭配，以平衡可再生能源生产与农业用地需求。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Setting up solar panels on farmland are becoming increasingly popular, as farmers seek to make the most of their land and establish a second source of income.(在农田上安装太阳能电池板正变得 越来越普遍，因为农民们希望充分利用土地，建立第二收入来源)”可知，在农场安装太阳能电池板能为农民 提供额外收入的机会。故选 A 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Getting the right mix of crop and solar is hard, because modern fruit varieties are finely used to particulate growing conditions. Any changes can break the balance, costing farmers’income if their fruit is damaged or not as severe as consumers like.(实现作物与太阳能的合理搭配并不容易，因为现代水果品 种对特定生长条件极为适应。任何变化都可能打破平衡，如果水果受损或甜度不如消费者期望，农民就会遭 受收入损失)”可知，若作物与太阳能搭配不当，苹果的质量（如完整性、甜度）会受影响。故选 D 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But hardly any of the solar-shaded apples got damaged in the strong sunlight that hit the region so fully this year, while up to 18% of the uncovered fruit suffered sunburn that day, he said.(他说，今 年该地区遭遇强烈日照时，太阳能电池板遮挡下的苹果几乎没有受损，而未被遮挡的苹果中有高达 18%遭 受了晒伤)”可知，约根·齐默（Jørgen Zimmer）在试验中发现，太阳能电池板能防止苹果晒伤。故选 C 项。 (4)题解析：

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主旨大意题。通读全文，以及根据第一段“It’s picking seasons at Christian Nachtwer’s farm in western Germany and laborers are loading their vehicles with apples. But Nachtwer’s farm is also getting a second harvest: Many of the apple trees grow under solar panels (‘lightBG’) that have been producing electricity, while providing the fruit below with modern stocked shades (‘Rift’).(德国西部克里斯蒂安・纳赫特韦尔（Christian Nachtwer）的农场正 值采摘季，工人们正将苹果装载到运输车辆上。但纳赫特韦尔的农场还迎来了另一重收获：许多苹果树生长 在太阳能电池板下方 —— 这些电池板一边持续发电，一边为树下的果实提供现代化的可控遮阳环境)”可知， 短文介绍了德国农民克里斯蒂安·纳赫特韦尔（Christian Nachtwer）在农场推行“农光互补”模式——在苹果 树下安装太阳能电池板，既发电又不影响水果种植，同时研究者通过试验探索该模式下作物与太阳能的最 佳搭配，以平衡可再生能源生产与农业用地需求。B 项 “一位农民同时收获太阳能电力和苹果” 精准概括 了文章核心主题。故选 B 项。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二 上· 山东 名校考 试联盟 · 期中 ）While the 20th century was defined by industrial and digital expansion, the 21st century is increasingly shaped by the urgency of environmental transformation. Many perceive the green movement as a recent response to ecological crisis, but properly examined, it represents the third stage in humanity’s relationship with nature — following the agricultural and industrial revolutions. “What few have caught,” writes environmental historian Dr. Lena Roth in Earth Menders: The Unseen History of Ecological Renewal, “is the far-reaching consistence (延续性) between earlier human adaptations and today’s sustainability revolution.” Roth traces this narrative to the late 18th century, when thinkers like Malthus first questioned the balance between population and resources. “Just as the steam engine redefined physical labor,” Roth argues, “the green revolution is reshaping humanity’s moral and ecological footprint.” Though modern environmentalism is often associated with European and American activism, Roth shows how societies across the globe recognized and responded to environmental limits in different ways. The publication of Silent Spring in 1962 served as a watershed — comparable to Watt’s steam engine — awakening public awareness to the unintended consequences of progress. Later developments, from renewable energy systems to circular economic models, illustrate how technological and philosophical shifts combined toward sustainability. To personalize this sweeping transition, Roth introduces the character of Elara, a fictional woman whose life spans from the 1950s to the present, allowing readers to experience the evolution of ecological thought through her experiences. This narrative technique mirrors the human angle of systemic change, transforming a complex historical analysis into an easy-going and convincing story.

1.What does Dr. Roth want to stress? A. The history of industrial revolution. B. The continuity of green movement. C. The role of agricultural revolution. D. The impact of digital expansion. 86 / 124

2.What is the significance of Silent Spring? A. A turning point. B. A new invention. C. A historical event. D. A cultural movement. 3.What do we know about Elara? A. She predicts the future of mankind. B. She is a famous historical figure. C. She is the author of a fiction. D. She is created as a witness. 4.What is the type of this text? A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science report.

答案：1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B

解析：导语：本文是一说明文，介绍了环境历史学家 Lena Roth 博士的著作《地球修补者：看不见的生态复兴史》，阐述 了绿色运动的延续性、关键事件的意义及叙事手法等内容。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“‘What few have caught,’ writes environmental historian Dr. Lena Roth in Earth Menders: The Unseen History of Ecological Renewal, ‘is the far-reaching consistence ( 延 续 性) between earlier human adaptations and today’s sustainability revolution.’(环境历史学家 Lena Roth 博士在《地球修补者：看不见的生 态复兴史》中写道：“很少有人意识到，早期人类的适应行为与当今的可持续发展革命之间存在深远的延续 性)”可知，Roth 博士想要强调绿色运动的延续性。故选 B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“The publication of Silent Spring in 1962 served as a watershed — comparable to Watt’s steam engine — awakening public awareness to the unintended consequences of progress. (1962 年《寂静的春天》 的出版成为一个分水岭——堪比瓦特的蒸汽机——唤醒了公众对发展所带来的意外后果的认识)”可知，《寂 静的春天》是一个转折点。故选 A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“To personalize this sweeping transition, Roth introduces the character of Elara, a fictional woman whose life spans from the 1950s to the present, allowing readers to experience the evolution of ecological thought through her experiences. (为了使这一广泛的转变更具个人色彩，Roth 引入了 Elara 这一角色，她是一

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个虚构的女性，生活跨度从 20 世纪 50 年代到现在，让读者通过她的经历体验生态思想的演变)”可知，Elara 是被创造出来作为见证者的虚构人物。故选 D。

(4)题解析： 推理判断题。文章围绕环境历史学家 Lena Roth 博士的著作《地球修复者：生态复兴的无形历史》展开，第 一段引用书中观点“‘What few have caught,’ writes environmental historian Dr. Lena Roth in Earth Menders: The Unseen History of Ecological Renewal, ‘is the far-reaching consistence (延续性) between earlier human adaptations and today’s sustainability revolution.’(环境历史学家 Lena Roth 博士在《地球修复者：生态复兴的无形历史》 中写道：“很少有人意识到，早期人类的适应行为与当今的可持续发展革命之间存在深远的延续性)”，第二 段阐述书中对《寂静的春天》等内容的分析，第三段介绍书中的虚构人物 Elara 及叙事手法。这种以介绍书 籍核心观点、内容结构和写作手法为核心的行文方式，符合书评的体裁特征。故选 B。

Passage 3

（25-26 高二上·湖北八校联考·期中）Microscopic plastic pieces are everywhere, and a new study shows they exist in bottled water at levels 10 to 100 times higher than people thought before. Researchers from Columbia University and Rutgers University found about 240,000 plastic pieces that can be detected in a normal liter of bottled water. The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The researchers used a special microscope method called stimulated Raman scattering and machine learning to detect seven common types of plastics, testing three unnamed bottled water brands. About 10% of these particles (微 粒 ) are microplastics (5 millimeters to 1 micrometer), and 90% are nanoplastics (less than 1 micrometer). Microplastics have already been found in human lungs, blood and placentas. “Nanoplastics could be even more dangerous than microplastics because when inside the human body, the smaller it goes, the easier for it to be misidentified as the natural component of the cell,” says Wei Min, a Columbia chemistry professor and co-author on the study. The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) said it had only a short time to look at the study. It argued that the new way of detecting plastics needs to be fully checked by scientists. Also, more research is needed to create standard ways to measure and count nanoplastics in our surroundings. It added there is no scientific agreement on the potential health impacts of nanoplastic and microplastic particles and media reports unnecessarily scare consumers. Phoebe Stapleton, another co-author of the study, says researchers already know that nanoplastics are in water. “But if you can’t quantify them or create images of them, it’s hard to believe they really exist. The importance of our team’s research is that it now reveals this clearly — it not only provides computer-generated images, but also lets us measure the nanoplastics. Even more importantly, it offers chemical analysis of those measurements.” she says, adding that the research helps people better understand how much plastic humans usually take into their bodies and what effects it has.

1.Why does the author mention the numbers in Paragraph 1? 88 / 124

A. To show the diversity of plastic pieces. B. To question the significance of the study. C. To indicate the seriousness of plastic pollution. D. To explain potential sources of plastic pieces. 2.According to Paragraph 2, why are nanoplastics possibly more dangerous? A. They are more widely spread. B. They may enter cells more easily. C. They might be recognized as part of cells. D. They are mistaken for some types of cells. 3.What tone does the IBWA adopt when reacting to the findings of the study? A. Encouraging but reserved. B. Cautious and skeptical. C. Uncertain but curious. D. Critical and direct. 4.What is the best title for this passage? A. Is There Actually Plastic in Your Bottled Water? B. Microscopic Plastic Pieces: A Hidden Health Risk. C. Can Scientists Quantify Plastic Pieces in Our Body? D. Your Bottled Water Has More Plastic Than You Imagine.

答案：1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项新研究发现瓶装水中微塑料和纳米塑料的含量比之前估计的要高 得多，介绍了研究的方法、相关各方的态度以及该研究的重要意义。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Microscopic plastic pieces are everywhere, and a new study shows they exist in bottled water at levels 10 to 100 times higher than people thought before. Researchers from Columbia University and Rutgers University found about 240,000 plastic pieces that can be detected in a normal liter of bottled water. The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.(微小的塑料碎片无处不在，一项新的研究表 明，瓶装水中存在的塑料颗粒数量比人们此前认为的要高出 10 到 100 倍。哥伦比亚大学和罗格斯大学的研 究人员在一瓶普通瓶装水中检测到了约 24 万个可被发现的塑料颗粒。该研究发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》 上)”可推知，作者在第一段中提及这些数字以表明塑料污染的严重性。故选 C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Nanoplastics could be even more dangerous than microplastics because when inside the human body, the smaller it goes, the easier for it to be misidentified as the natural component of the cell(纳米塑

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料可能比微塑料更为危险，因为一旦进入人体内，其尺寸越小，就越容易被误认为是细胞中的天然成分)”可 知，纳米塑料可能更具危害性因为它们可能会被误认为是细胞的一部分。故选 C。

(3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) said it had only a short time to look at the study. It argued that the new way of detecting plastics needs to be fully checked by scientists. Also, more research is needed to create standard ways to measure and count nanoplastics in our surroundings. It added there is no scientific agreement on the potential health impacts of nanoplastic and microplastic particles and media reports unnecessarily scare consumers.(国际瓶装水协会（IBWA）表示，他们只能对这项研究进行短暂的审查。 该协会认为，检测塑料的新方法需要由科学家进行全面检验。此外，还需要进行更多的研究，以制定衡量和 统计我们周围环境中纳米塑料的标准方法。该协会还指出，目前对于纳米塑料和微塑料颗粒可能对健康产 生的影响尚未达成科学共识，媒体的报道也无必要给消费者造成恐慌)”可推知，国际瓶装水协会在对这项研 究的结果是谨慎且持怀疑态度。故选 B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Microscopic plastic pieces are everywhere, and a new study shows they exist in bottled water at levels 10 to 100 times higher than people thought before. Researchers from Columbia University and Rutgers University found about 240,000 plastic pieces that can be detected in a normal liter of bottled water. The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.(微小的塑料碎片无处不在，一项新的研究表 明，瓶装水中存在的塑料颗粒数量比人们此前认为的要高出 10 到 100 倍。哥伦比亚大学和罗格斯大学的研 究人员在一瓶普通瓶装水中检测到了约 24 万个可被发现的塑料颗粒。该研究发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》 上)”以及文章主要讲述了一项新研究发现瓶装水中微塑料和纳米塑料的含量比之前估计的要高得多，介绍了 研究的方法、相关各方的态度以及该研究的重要意义。可知，D 选项“你的瓶装水中的塑料含量比你想象的 要多”最能概括文章主旨，是最佳标题。故选 D。

主题语境 06 人与自然-自然生态

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·山东名校考试联盟·期中）The dogs’ ability to interpret human gestures may be more deeply rooted in social cognition (认知) than previously assumed. A new study from the University of Leipzig reveals that dogs not only respond to human pointing but can also use deliberate gestures to convey information to both humans and its peers, suggesting a foundational capacity for shared communication. Researchers designed a problem-solving task where a dog observed a researcher hiding a favorite toy in one of two boxes. The critical variable (变量) was whether a second, unaware partner was present and had witnessed the hiding event. The subject could see both the hiding spot and the unaware partner’s ignorance. If the unaware partner found the toy, the informing dog received a reward, creating a clear incentive for communication. The results indicated that the informing dogs were significantly more insistent in using attention-getting signals 90 / 124

— such as barking, staring between the partner and the correct box, or approaching the box — when the partner was unconscious of the toy’s location. This behavioral adjustment, tailored to the partner’s knowledge state, moves beyond trained obedience ( 服 从 性). It implies a born understanding that the partners may possess different information, a cornerstone of complex social interaction. “This sensitivity to other’s need for information is fundamental to cooperation”, states animal behaviorist Dr. Klaus. “It’s not merely about solving a task alone, but about managing shared knowledge to achieve a common goal.” “What we have confirmed is that dogs strategically adjust their signaling to guide a partner’s actions,” explains lead researcher Dr. Lena Schmidt. “The critical question is whether they understand they are changing the partner’s focus of attention or even their knowledge while doing these. Investigating this theory of mind in dogs could redefine the boundaries of cross-species social intelligence.”

1.What does the underlined word “incentive” mean in paragraph2? A. Instruction. B. Motivation. C. Intention. D. Illustration. 2.How is the experiment mainly conducted? A. By analyzing dogs’ distracting signals. B. By recording dogs’ use of specific gestures. C. By tracking dogs’ ability to search for items. D. By observing dogs’ interaction with partners. 3.What can we infer from the study? A. Dogs are sensitive to human commands. B. Dogs are naturally obedient to humans. C. Dogs communicate by copying gestures. D. Dogs can identify needs and adjust signals. 4.What is the key issue for future research? A. Origins of dogs’ social intelligence. B. Dogs’ self-awareness of their influence. C. Applications of dogs’ strategic signaling. D. Information exchange of different species.

答案：1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文，介绍了莱比锡大学的一项新研究，发现狗解读人类手势的能力源于社交认知，它们不仅能 对人类的指向做出反应，还能通过刻意的手势向人类和同伴传递信息，同时探讨了该研究引发的后续研究 方向。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段“If the unaware partner found the toy, the informing dog received a reward, creating a

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clear incentive for communication.(如果不知情的同伴找到了玩具，发出信号的狗狗就会得到奖励，这为交流 创造了明确的 incentive。)”可知，“得到奖励”会促使狗狗主动交流，因此“incentive”意为“动机”。故选 B。

(2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchers designed a problem-solving task where a dog observed a researcher hiding a favorite toy in one of two boxes. The critical variable was whether a second, unaware partner was present and had witnessed the hiding event.(研究人员设计了一项问题解决任务：一只狗观察研究人员将一个心爱的玩具藏在 两个盒子中的一个里。关键变量是是否有另一只不知情的同伴在场，以及它是否目睹了藏玩具的过程。)”和 第 三 段 “The results indicated that the informing dogs were significantly more insistent in using attention-getting signals — such as barking, staring between the partner and the correct box, or approaching the box — when the partner was unconscious of the toy’s location.(结果表明，当同伴不知道玩具的位置时，发出信号的狗狗会更坚 持使用吸引注意力的信号——比如吠叫、在同伴和正确的盒子之间凝视，或者靠近盒子。)”可知，实验主要 通过观察狗狗与同伴的互动来开展。故选 D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“The results indicated that the informing dogs were significantly more insistent in using attention-getting signals — such as barking, staring between the partner and the correct box, or approaching the box — when the partner was unconscious of the toy’s location. This behavioral adjustment, tailored to the partner’s knowledge state, moves beyond trained obedience (服从性).(结果表明，当同伴不知道玩具的位置时，发出信号 的狗更坚持使用吸引注意力的信号，比如吠叫、盯着同伴和正确的盒子，或者接近盒子。这种行为调整是根 据同伴的知识状态量身定制的，超越了训练有素的服从。)”以及第四段“This sensitivity to other’s need for information is fundamental to cooperation.(这种对他人信息需求的敏感性是合作的基础。)”可推断，狗能够识 别同伴的信息需求并调整自己的信号。故选 D。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The critical question is whether they understand they are changing the partner’s focus of attention or even their knowledge while doing these. Investigating this theory of mind in dogs could redefine the boundaries of cross-species social intelligence.(关键问题是，它们在做这些事情时，是否明白自己正在改变同 伴的注意力焦点，甚至是它们的认知。研究狗的这种心理理论可能会重新定义跨物种社交智能的边界。)”可 知，未来研究的关键问题是狗是否意识到自己的行为对同伴的影响，即狗对自身影响力的自我认知。故选 B。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·湖北圆创联盟-11 月阶段练习（·期中）The idea of de-extinction, the big goal of bringing extinct species back to life, has fired global imagination. Pushed by advances in genetics, this field is no longer limited to science fiction. Companies like Colossal Biosciences have announced projects targeting famous animals such as the woolly mammoth (猛犸象) and the dodo. However, the scientific reality is more complex than the popular story. 92 / 124

True de-extinction, defined as creating a perfect genetic copy of a lost species, is currently out of reach for most extinct animals. The primary problem is the degradation of DNA over time, which prevents researchers from recovering a complete genome (基因组). For species that disappeared long ago, the genetic blueprint is simply too broken. Consequently, scientists are largely focusing on an alternative approach: creating ecological proxies (代替物). This involves using gene-editing tools like CRISPR to change the genome of a closely related living species. The aim is not to revive an identical copy, but to engineer a new animal that can perform the ecological role of its extinct relative. For instance, the non-profit Revive & Restore is working on changing the band-tailed pigeon to be like the passenger pigeon, which once played a key part in shaping North American forests. This big goal is not without argument. Critics argue that the resulting creatures are not truly brought-back species but rather genetically changed organisms. They question whether these “copies” would behave like the originals or be accepted by modern ecosystems. Furthermore, some scientists suggest that existing species could sometimes do similar ecological jobs, making de-extinction an unnecessary difficulty. Despite the debates, research in this area continues. Supporters point out potential benefits beyond the impressive scene of seeing a woolly mammoth. The genetic tools developed could be critical for protecting endangered species, such as boosting genetic diversity. The knowledge gained might also help restore damaged ecosystems by reintroducing lost functions. Yet, a fundamental truth remains: the original passenger pigeon is gone forever. De-extinction, in its current form, offers not a revival, but a replacement, proving our growing power and responsibility over the natural world.

1.Why does the author say de-extinction is “no longer limited to science fiction”? A. To predict the exact timeline of its realization. B. To acknowledge the media’s role in promoting it. C. To highlight its transition to practical scientific pursuit. D. To showcase the commercial appeal of related businesses. 2.What is the big challenge in true de-extinction? A. Developing advanced technology. B. Securing sufficient financial support. C. Reconstructing complete genetic sequences. D. Overcoming opposition from environmental groups. 3.Why is the passenger pigeon talked about in Paragraph 3? A. To explain the reasons for its extinction. B. To suggest the relative ease of reviving bird species. C. To describe the lifestyle of its closest living relative. D. To provide a specific case of ecological proxy creation.

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4.What is a main future use of the new genetic tools? A. Saving endangered species from extinction. B. Expanding the population of urban pigeons. C. Commercializing the value of genetic research. D. Replacing traditional habitat restoration approaches.

答案：1. C 2. C 3. D 4. A

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了物种“复活”技术的现状与争议，指出由于 DNA 降解，完美复制已不可能， 故主要采用基因编辑创造生态替代物，但此举存在伦理与生态风险，其潜在价值在于保护濒危物种及修复 生态系统。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The idea of de-extinction, the big goal of bringing extinct species back to life, has fired global imagination. Pushed by advances in genetics, this field is no longer limited to science fiction.(灭绝复生 的想法，即让灭绝物种复活的宏伟目标，激发了全球的想象力。在遗传学进步的推动下，这一领域不再局限 于科幻小说。)”以及“Companies like Colossal Biosciences have announced projects targeting famous animals such as the woolly mammoth (猛犸象) and the dodo.(像科洛斯罗生物科学公司这样的企业已经宣布了针对诸如猛犸 象和渡渡鸟等著名动物的科研项目。)”可知，作者说灭绝复生不再局限于科幻小说，是为了强调它已经转变 为实际的科学追求，在基因技术进步的推动和相关公司实际项目的开展下，这一领域已从科幻构想进入了 现实的科学探索范畴。故选 C 项。 (2)题解析： 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 文 章 第 二 段 “The primary problem is the degradation of DNA over time, which prevents researchers from recovering a complete genome ( 基 因 组). For species that disappeared long ago, the genetic blueprint is simply too broken.(主要问题是 DNA 随时间退化，这使得研究人员无法恢复完整的基因组。对于 很久以前就消失的物种来说，基因蓝图简直太破碎了。)”可知，真正实现灭绝复生面临的大挑战是重建完整 的基因序列。故选 C 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Consequently, scientists are largely focusing on an alternative approach: creating ecological proxies (代替物).( 因此，科学家们主要关注另一种方法：创造生态替代物。)”以及“For instance, the non-profit Revive & Restore is working on changing the band-tailed pigeon to be like the passenger pigeon, which once played a key part in shaping North American forests.(例如，非营利组织 Revive & Restore 正在努力将斑尾 鸽变成像旅鸽一样的鸽子，旅鸽曾经在塑造北美森林中发挥了关键作用。)”可知，第三段提到旅鸽是为了提 供一个创造生态替代物的具体案例。故选 D 项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Supporters point out potential benefits beyond the impressive scene of seeing a

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woolly mammoth. The genetic tools developed could be critical for protecting endangered species, such as boosting genetic diversity.(支持者指出，除了看到猛犸象这一令人印象深刻的场景之外，还有潜在的好处。开发的基 因工具对于保护濒危物种可能至关重要，例如提高遗传多样性。)”可知，新的基因工具的主要未来用途是拯 救濒危物种免于灭绝。故选 A 项。

Passage 3

（25-26 高二上·江西部分学校·期中）Forests play a crucial role in promoting health and well-being, but not all forests provide the same benefits. A large-scale international study, co-led by the University of Surrey and the University of Ghent, demonstrates how specific forest characteristics — such as canopy density (树冠密度) and tree species diversity — can affect various health outcomes. The research investigated 164 forests across 5 European countries, offering valuable insights for forest management and urban planning. The study examined 7 ecological characteristics of forests and their influence on human health. Tree species diversity was found to have a limited but positive effect on human health and well-being. Increasing tree species diversity is therefore considered a safe and beneficial intervention for forest managers, which also provides multiple co-benefits beyond human health, such as supporting associated non-tree biodiversity. Forest structures — particularly, the canopy structure — were found to have the strongest health impact, both with their own benefits and disadvantages. Dense canopy reduces heat stress by providing more shade and creating a more stable microclimate, while also improving air quality by increasing leaf surface area for fine particulate matter deposition (细颗粒物沉积) — both crucial elements in urban areas where heatwaves and airborne pollutants are more frequent. On the other hand, a dense canopy can also increase the risk of Lyme disease — as ticks (蜱虫) like it in wet environment — and lead to less light reaching the forest floor, which can slow the growth of medicinal plants, affecting their potential health benefits. “Our study shows that forests generally provide a mental health benefit, reducing anxiety and stress, regardless of their biodiversity or structure. Contact with forests could be prescribed (开处方) by the National Health Service (NHS), as research shows that NHS nature prescriptions are effective at improving mental health,” says Dr Melissa Marselle, a lecturer in Environmental Psychology.

1.Which factor determines the health benefits provided by a forest? A. The size of the forest. B. The history of the forest. C. The height of the forest. D. The species diversity of the forest. 2.What is a benefit of dense forest canopy? A. It increases sunlight for forest plants. 95 / 124

B. It prevents all air pollutants effectively. C. It lowers the risk of heat-related issues. D. It reduces the sunlight that attracts ticks. 3.What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A. The risk of Lyme disease. B. Downside of thick canopy. C. The growth of medicinal plants. D. The potential health benefits of canopy. 4.What advice may Dr Melissa give? A. Including forest visits in mental health treatment plans. B. Linking forest access to non-tree biodiversity plans. C. Prioritizing forest biodiversity for anxiety reduction. D. Expanding canopy coverage to maximize stress relief.

答案：1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项国际研究，该研究探讨了森林的不同特征对人类健康的影响，强调了 森林在促进健康和福祉方面的重要作用，同时也指出了并非所有森林都能提供相同的益处。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Tree species diversity was found to have a limited but positive effect on human health and well-being.(研究发现，树种多样性对人类健康和福祉的影响有限，但却是积极的。)”可知，森林的物种 多样性是决定森林提供的健康益处的因素。故选 D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Dense canopy reduces heat stress by providing more shade and creating a more stable microclimate(茂密的树冠通过提供更多的阴凉和创造更稳定的微气候来减少热应激)”可知，茂密的森林树冠 的好处是它降低了与热相关问题的风险。故选 C。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第五段“On the other hand, a dense canopy can also increase the risk of Lyme disease — as ticks (蜱虫) like it in wet environment — and lead to less light reaching the forest floor, which can slow the growth of medicinal plants, affecting their potential health benefits.(另一方面，茂密的树冠也会增加莱姆病的风险，因为 蜱虫喜欢潮湿的环境，而且会导致到达森林地面的光线减少，这会减缓药用植物的生长，影响它们的潜在健 康益处。)”可知，第五段主要讲的是茂密树冠的缺点。故选 B。 (4)题解析： 推 理判 断 题。 根 据 最后 一 段“Our study shows that forests generally provide a mental health benefit, reducing anxiety and stress, regardless of their biodiversity or structure. Contact with forests could be prescribed (开处方) by

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the National Health Service (NHS), as research shows that NHS nature prescriptions are effective at improving mental health(我们的研究表明，森林通常对心理健康有益，可以减少焦虑和压力，无论其生物多样性或结构 如何。国家卫生服务机构可以开出与森林接触的处方，因为研究表明，国家卫生服务机构的自然处方对改善 心理健康有效)”可知，梅利莎博士可能会建议将森林游览纳入心理健康治疗计划。故选 A。

Passage 4

（25-26 高二上·河北名校联考·期中）If you’ve spent any time in the gardening corners of social media lately, you’ve likely come across a trend called“chaos (混乱) gardening.” The name alone is eye-catching—equal parts fun, rebellious (叛逆的) and slightly alarming. Picture someone throwing seeds into bare soil aimlessly, watering once or twice, and ending up with a backyard full of bright flowers everywhere. No rows, no color coordination (搭配), no spacing charts—just spread the seeds and hope for the best. As a landscape specialist at Colorado State University Extension, I think a lot about how to help people make designed landscapes more environmentally friendly. But what is chaos gardening, really? Chaos gardening is the practice of mixing a wide variety of seeds and scattering ( 撒) them over a planting area with minimal planning. For many, it’s a low-pressure, joyful way to experiment. One reason chaos gardening may be catching on is that it sidesteps the rules of garden design. A traditional landscape design approach is effective and appropriate for many settings, but it is time-consuming and can feel stressful. Even that easy, messy look of a cottage garden still needs lots of planning. Chaos gardening, by contrast, lets go of control. There’s also the allure of ease. People want gardening to be simple. If chaos gardening brings more people into the joy and mess of growing things, I consider that a win in itself. Broader research has found that emotional connection and accessibility are major motivators for gardening, often more than environmental impact. Chaos gardening might not replace the structured borders of a well-cut garden, but it might get newcomers into the garden. It might make things feel less risky, encourage experimentation, and help people see beauty in richness rather than in control. If that’s the entry point someone needs, then let the chaos begin.

1.What is the primary characteristic of chaos gardening? A. Sticking to ecological restoration principles. B. Sowing diverse seeds with little prior planning. C. Planning carefully and coordinating plant colors. D. Focusing on a single type of plant for maximum harvest. 2.Why is chaos gardening becoming popular? A. It requires a lot of time and effort. B. It follows the traditional garden design. C. It has a positive impact on the environment. 97 / 124

D. It avoids the rules of garden design and is easy to do. 3.What does the underlined word “allure” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Improvement. B. Possibility. C. Attraction. D. Tradition. 4.What does the author imply about chaos gardening? A. It serves as a gateway. B. It challenges experts. C. It might replace formal gardens. D. It ensures perfect results.

答案：1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍社交媒体上流行的“混乱园艺”的特点、流行原因及对园艺新手的积极意义。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Chaos gardening is the practice of mixing a wide variety of seeds and scattering(撒) them over a planting area with minimal planning.(混乱园艺是将多种种子混合，在种植区域撒播且几乎不做规 划的种植方式。)”可知，混乱园艺的主要特征是播种多样的种子，且前期几乎不做规划。故选 B 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“One reason chaos gardening may be catching on is that it sidesteps the rules of garden design.(混乱园艺流行的一个原因是它避开了园艺设计的规则。)”和第五段中的“There’s also the allure of ease.(它还具有便捷的吸引力。)”可知，混乱园艺流行是因为它既避开了园艺设计规则，又简单易操作。 故选 D 项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“People want gardening to be simple. If chaos gardening brings more people into the joy and mess of growing things, I consider that a win in itself.(人们希望园艺变得简单。如果混乱园艺能让更多 人感受到种植的乐趣和混乱，我本身就认为这是一种成功。)”可知，“便捷性”是吸引人们选择混乱园艺的点， 因此画线词“allure”意为“吸引力”。故选 C 项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Chaos gardening might not replace the structured borders of a well-cut garden, but it might get newcomers into the garden. It might make things feel less risky, encourage experimentation, and help people see beauty in richness rather than in control. If that’s the entry point someone needs, then let the chaos begin.(混乱园艺或许无法取代修剪整齐的花园中那些规整的边界，但它可能会吸引新手走进园艺世界。它或 许能降低尝试的风险感，鼓励人们大胆尝试，还能帮助人们发现丰富多元的美，而非刻意掌控的美。如果这 正是某人所需要的入门契机，那就让这场“混乱”开始吧。)”可知，作者暗示混乱园艺是新手进入园艺领域的 敲门砖。故选 A 项。

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主题语境 01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化

（25-26 高二上·江西稳派智慧上进·期中）Chicago Booth’s Christopher K. Hsee is a behavioral scientist focusing on what he calls hedonomics (幸福经济学). Rather than studying how to produce more “stuff”, hedonomics studies how to extract more happiness from the existing objects. Hsee and his Chicago Booth colleague Reid Hastie redefined the term in 2008. Their idea of hedonomics is based on the idea that people don’t need more resources to be happier; they need to use existing resources differently. For example, suppose a child enjoys playing with wooden blocks at first but grows tired of them. Hedonomics suggests the child doesn’t need more blocks to be happy; she needs to change how she plays with those blocks. The same principle applies to experiences. Instead of watching a TV show without control, watch two episodes

(集) per day. Or better yet, apply another method: say you have six episodes to watch. You could watch two a day, or you could watch one on the first day, two on the second day, and three on the third day. That’s an increasing order. Or you could do the opposite, in a decreasing order, by watching three at the start and winding down. Instead of making full use of their resources, many people instead seek to add resources. Hsee, who has devoted much of the past decade to researching hedonomics, says that can have the opposite effect and lead to a phenomenon known as the “hedonic treadmill (享乐跑步机) ”. This phrase refers to the tendency of people enjoying happiness temporarily and keeping on finding new positive stimulation. Hsee, who grew up in China, recalls when “just having the ability to buy a cheap bicycle” in his city was a big deal. But by 2012 in China, nearly every family in cities had, on average, a color TV, air conditioner, washing machine, and refrigerator. Almost nine in ten had a personal computer. Hsee sees his friends, some now able to afford expensive cars, stuck on the hedonic treadmill as they seek to get more well-being. The problem is that it takes more and more things to make people happy. 1.What is the meaning of hedonomics? A. Following your ideas. B. Producing more resources. C. Pursuing what you want. D. Treasuring what you have. 2.What does the underlined part “winding down” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Watching closely. B. Reducing gradually. C. Observing carefully.

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D. Checking regularly. 3.What do people do when they are on the hedonic treadmill? A. They try to get more. B. They use resources wisely. C. They tend to be more positive. D. They lack material enjoyment. 4.What does the author truly want to convey in the last paragraph? A. People are content with their income. B. China’s economy is developing fast. C. One’s desires can hardly be satisfied. D. It’s impossible to achieve real happiness.

答案：1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了幸福经济学（hedonomics）这一概念，指出人们不需要更多资源来获得幸 福，而是需要以不同的方式使用现有资源，并指出人们往往陷入“享乐跑步机”现象，即不断追求更多物质享 受却难以获得持久幸福。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Their idea of hedonomics is based on the idea that people don’t need more resources to be happier; they need to use existing resources differently.(他们对幸福经济学的理解是基于这样一种观点，即人 们不需要更多的资源来获得幸福；他们需要以不同的方式使用现有资源。)”可知，幸福经济学指的是珍惜你 所拥有的。故选 D。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据上文“Or better yet, apply another method: say you have six episodes to watch. You could watch two a day, or you could watch one on the first day, two on the second day, and three on the third day. That’s an increasing order. Or you could do the opposite, in a decreasing order(或者更优的是，采用另一种方法：假设你有 六集要追，既可以每天看两集，也可以第一天看一集、第二天看两集、第三天看三集——这是递增的方式； 也可以反过来，用递减的方式)”可知，作者提出了两种看电视剧的方式，一种是每天递增的方式，即第一天 1 集，第二天 2 集，第三天 3 集；另一种方式则相反，是每天递减。由此可知，wind down 应该表示“逐渐减 少”。故选 B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“Hsee, who has devoted much of the past decade to researching hedonomics, says that can have the opposite effect and lead to a phenomenon known as the “hedonic treadmill”. This phrase refers to the tendency of people enjoying happiness temporarily and keeping on finding new positive stimulation.(Hsee 在过去 十年中大部分时间都致力于研究幸福经济学，他说这可能会产生相反的效果，并导致一种被称为“享乐跑步

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机”的现象。这个短语指的是人们暂时享受幸福并不断寻找新的积极刺激的趋势。)”可知，当人们处于享乐 跑步机上时，他们会试图得到更多。故选 A。

(4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Hsee sees his friends, some now able to afford expensive cars, stuck on the hedonic treadmill as they seek to get more well-being. The problem is that it takes more and more things to make people happy.(Hsee 看到他的朋友们，有些人现在能买得起昂贵的汽车，却陷入了享乐跑步机，因为他们寻求更多 的幸福。问题是，让人们快乐需要越来越多的东西。)”可知，作者在最后一段真正想表达的是一个人的欲望 很难得到满足。故选 C。

主题语境 02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育

（25-26 高二上·湖北部分省级示范高中·期中）The Olympic Games, among the world’s most significant sports events, not only demonstrate the high level of athletic competition but also serve as a symbol of global cultural exchange and unity. However, they face an aging audience and declining viewership. The median age of American viewers was 39 in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, rising to 53 by the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. The Tokyo 2021 viewership dropped by a third compared to 2008. To attract younger audiences and stay relevant, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Thomas Bach has acknowledged the need for the Olympics to evolve, adding “youth-based” sports. Climbing, skateboarding, and surfing were included in Tokyo, and breakdancing made its first appearance in the 2024 Paris Olympics. To further broaden appeal, esports could be the key. With a massive following, esports could attract large audiences and add income through media rights and sponsorships. Esports could also bring Olympic glory to a diverse range of countries and represent the Olympic values of excellence, friendship, and respect. However, the IOC’s approach to esports has been cautious. The inaugural (首次的) Olympic Esports Week in Singapore in June 2023 was met with confusion among fans, with events like archery and “Just Dance” not reflecting as expected, attracting a peak viewership of only 22,000. Recognizing esports’ potential, the IOC has officially included esports in the Olympic Movement with the Olympic Esports Games in Saudi Arabia in 2025. This decision is in line with the principles of the Olympic Agenda 2020+5, which advocates for gender equality, inclusiveness, and diversity. By embracing esports, the Olympics can attract younger audiences, expand its global reach, and maintain its status as a popular sports and entertainment event.

1.What can be inferred from the first paragraph about the Olympic Games? A. The Olympic Games have always been popular among young viewers. B. The IOC has not recognized the changing viewer trends. C. The median age of Olympic viewers has remained stable over time. D. The Olympic Games are becoming less popular in America. 2.How do the Olympics keep connected with society? 101 / 124

A. By focusing on traditional sports. B. By adding sports that appeal to younger audiences. C. By reducing the number of events in the Games. D. By hosting the Games in countries with diverse cultures. 3.What was the public’s attitude toward the inaugural Olympic Esports Week? A. Tolerant. B. Unclear. C. Supportive. D. Uninterested. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. Distinctions between traditional sports and esports. B. Benefits of multicultural countries in esports. C. Possible advantages of adding esports to the Olympics. D. Suggestions on establishing a secure gaming setting for esports.

答案：1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了随着奥运会的观众老龄化和观看人数减少，奥运会推出了新的项目。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“However, they face an aging audience and declining viewership. The median age of American viewers was 39 in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, rising to 53 by the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. The Tokyo 2021 viewership dropped by a third compared to 2008.(然而，奥运会面临着观众老龄化和观看人数减少 的问题。美国观众的中位年龄在 1992 年巴塞罗那奥运会时是 39 岁，到了 2016 年里约热内卢奥运会时上升 到了 53 岁。与 2008 年相比，2021 年东京奥运会的收视率下降了三分之一。)”可推知，奥运会在美国越来 越不受欢迎。故选 D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“To attract younger audiences and stay relevant, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Thomas Bach has acknowledged the need for the Olympics to evolve, adding “youth-based” sports.(为了吸引年轻观众并保持相关性，国际奥委会 (IOC)主席 Thomas Bach 承认奥运会需要与时俱进，并 增加了“以青年为基础”的体育项目。)”可知，奥运会通过增加更多吸引年轻一代的运动项目来与社会保持联 系。故选 B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The inaugural (首次的) Olympic Esports Week in Singapore in June 2023 was met with confusion among fans, with events like archery and “Just Dance” not reflecting as expected, attracting a peak viewership of only 22,000.(2023 年 6 月在新加坡举行的首届奥林匹克电子竞技周遭遇了粉丝的困惑，像 射箭和 Just Dance 这样的项目并没有引起预期的反响，吸引的最高观看人数仅为 22000 人。)”可推知，观众 对首届奥运会电子竞技周不感兴趣。故选 D。 (4)题解析：

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主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Recognizing esports’ potential, the IOC has officially included esports in the Olympic Movement with the Olympic Esports Games in Saudi Arabia in 2025. This decision is in line with the principles of the Olympic Agenda 2020+5, which advocates for gender equality, inclusiveness, and diversity. By embracing esports, the Olympics can attract younger audiences, expand its global reach, and maintain its status as a popular sports and entertainment event.(认识到电子竞技的潜力，国际奥委会已正式将其纳入奥林匹克运动，并计划于 2025 年 在沙特阿拉伯举办奥林匹克电子竞技运动会。这一决定与《奥林匹克议程 2020+5》的原则相符，该议程主 张性别平等、包容性和多样性。通过接纳电子竞技，奥运会能够吸引年轻观众，扩大其全球影响力，并保持 其作为受欢迎的体育和娱乐活动的地位。)”可知，最后一段主要讲将电子竞技纳入奥运会的潜在好处。故选 C。

主题语境 03 人与社会-科学与技术

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·浙江浙江省金砖高中联盟-11 月·期中）Theatre is one of humanity’s oldest entertainments, and acting is far more than pretense — it demands fully personifying another character’s personality, emotions, and mannerisms. Yet the neural (神经学的) mechanisms behind “getting into character” remain poorly understood, with few studies exploring the neuroscience of role-taking. Recent research has begun to bridge this gap. A 2019 study published in Royal Society Open Science used MRI technology to scan method actors as they responded to assumption questions —first as themselves, then as their assigned characters. The results revealed a clear pattern: when in character, the actors showed reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮层), a brain region critical to self-processing. This finding led researchers to suggest that acting involves suppressing ( 抑制) one’s sense of self. Steven Brown, a cognitive scientist involved in the study, noted this “self-suppression” is a feature of theatrical performance that has long been understudied, even though childhood pretend play — an early form of role-taking — is known to be vital for social development. A 2022 study in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience further supported this. Using wearable brain imaging tools, researchers found that when actors heard their own names mid-performance, their prefrontal cortex, which typically lights up at the sound of one’s name, had reduced responses — another sign that self-awareness is turned down during acting. Yet this blurring of self and character carries risks. A 2019 literature review found it can lead to temporary personality shifts or even dissociation, and method acting — known for its immersive approach — has been linked to mental health challenges. Typical examples include Michael B. Jordan, who struggled to let go of his Black Panther role, Erik Killmonger, post-filming, and Lady Gaga, who faced psychological difficulty after being deeply absorbed in her House of Gucci character, Patrizia Reggiani. Today, key gaps persist in understanding acting’s psychological impacts. More neuroscience research is needed — especially into how acting training shapes the “distance” between actor and character, a factor that may determine 103 / 124

whether the effects on one’s sense of self are short-lived or long-lasting.

1.What can we infer from the 1st paragraph? A. Acting is basically a form of pretense, focusing on copying. B. How actors “get into character” has been thoroughly researched. C. Theatre has a long history as a form of entertainment for mankind. D. Acting merely requires actors to demonstrate a character’s emotions. 2.What happened to actors’ brain when their own names are called? A. Its response was reduced. B. Its activity was stopped. C. Its response was more active. D. Its activity remained the same. 3.What risk does the blurring of self and character bring to actors? A. It may make actors lose interest in their acting careers. B. It may lead to physical health problems like exhaustion. C. It may make actors unable to remember their real identities. D. It may cause temporary personality switches or disconnection. 4.What may influence the effects of acting on one’s sense of self? A. The type of roles actors play in the film. B. The time actors spend on a single role. C. The number of neuroscience studies on the actors. D. Actor-character “distance” shaped by acting training.

答案：1. C 2. A 3. D 4. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍表演中“进入角色”的神经机制、相关研究发现及该过程给演员带来的风险，同 时指出目前研究仍存在空白。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Theatre is one of humanity’s oldest entertainments, and acting is far more than pretense — it demands fully personifying another character’s personality, emotions, and mannerisms.(戏剧是人类 最古老的娱乐形式之一，而表演远不止是伪装——它要求完全赋予另一个角色的个性、情感和举止以生命。)” 可知，戏剧作为人类的娱乐形式有着悠久历史。故选 C 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Using wearable brain imaging tools, researchers found that when actors heard their own names mid-performance, their prefrontal cortex, which typically lights up at the sound of one’s name, had reduced responses — another sign that self-awareness is turned down during acting.(研究人员使用可穿戴脑成像

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工具发现，当演员在表演中途听到自己的名字时，他们的前额叶皮层（通常在听到自己名字时会活跃起来） 反应减弱——这是表演过程中自我意识被抑制的另一个迹象。)”可知，演员听到自己名字时，大脑前额叶皮 层的反应会减弱。故选 A 项。

(3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Yet this blurring of self and character carries risks. A 2019 literature review found it can lead to temporary personality shifts or even dissociation, and method acting — known for its immersive approach — has been linked to mental health challenges.(然而，这种自我与角色的模糊存在风险。2019 年的一 项文献综述发现，它可能导致暂时的性格转变甚至解离，而以沉浸式方法著称的方法派表演还与心理健康 问题相关联。)”可知，自我与角色的模糊会给演员带来暂时的性格转变和解离。故选 D 项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“More neuroscience research is needed — especially into how acting training shapes the “distance” between actor and character, a factor that may determine whether the effects on one’s sense of self are short-lived or long-lasting.(我们需要更多的神经科学研究——尤其是关于表演训练如何塑造演员与角 色之间的“距离”，这一因素可能决定了对自我意识的影响是短暂的还是持久的。)”可知，表演训练塑造的演 员与角色之间的“距离”，可能会影响表演对自我意识的作用。故选 D 项。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·浙江浙江省金砖高中联盟-11 月·期中）You probably already know information about you is leaking — even if you’d rather not think about it. Your age, your phone number and where you live. What you bought for lunch yesterday, where you went afterwards and who you stood next to. In the online data market all of that is up for grabs — sliced, and packaged for purchase. Given the quantity of data that is now constantly spilling out of us, it makes sense that some privacy fatigue (困 倦) might have set in. A few years ago I started covering my laptop camera after seeing a photo of Mark Zuckerberg doing the same thing. If paranoia (偏执) was good enough for a tech CEO, it was good enough for me. But it didn’t last. When weather apps are selling your location and webcams are monitoring your eye movements, why bother? In fact, why try to hide your data at all when you can be paid for it? Earlier this year a company called The Generation Lab attempted to set a price for personal information by offering young people an average of $50 per month to set up a tracker on their mobile phones. The tracker doesn’t keep track of sensitive information like banking passwords, but pretty much everything else can be harvested. Scrolling habits, streaming choices and purchases — it’s all fed into a database for real-time analysis. Is $50 per month a fair price? The British mathematician Clive Humby was the first to come up with the phrase “data is the new oil” back in 2006. But the marketplace for these goods, which is filled with private companies such as Fog Data Science, is not clear. Our personal information powers the digital advertising industry that supports the internet. In return for being monitored, we get targeted advert s and free online services. What we don’t get is pricing clarity. 105 / 124

Still, right now, $50 is a good deal because we lack the knowledge to come up with a more accurate price for personal information. But like oil, data is not a one-off deal. Even if you’ve handed out vast quantities already, there is always more to bargain with, whether its demanding clearer pricing for your browsing habits or choosing which apps get access to your location.

1.What does the underlined phrase “up for grabs” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Ready to be sold. B. Difficult to obtain. C. Kept secret. D. Easy to lose. 2.What does the author imply about the $50 monthly payment for personal data? A. It reflects the true market value of most personal information. B. It is generous, considering the sensitivity of the data collected. C. It is random for the lack of pricing openness in the data market. D. It is strictly regulated by federal privacy laws in the United States. 3.What is Clive Humby’s attitude toward $50 per month? A. Favorable. B. Cautious. C. Negative. D. Unconcerned. 4.What is the best title of this passage? A. The fair price of personal information. B. The reason for personal data trade online. C. The online collection of personal information. D. The personal data trade and concerning problems.

答案：1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍个人信息在网络数据市场被收集、交易的现状，相关付费模式，以及数据市场 定价不透明等问题。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“In the online data market all of that is up for grabs — sliced, and packaged for purchase.(在网络数据市场上，所有这些信息都 up for grabs——被拆分、打包后供人购买。)”可知，“被拆分、 打包供人购买”是对前文“up for grabs”的解释，因此该短语意为“可被出售的”。故选 A 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“But the marketplace for these goods, which is filled with private companies such as Fog Data Science, is not clear.(但这个充斥着福格数据科学等私人公司的商品市场并不透明。)”及“What we don’t get is pricing clarity.(我们缺乏的是定价透明度。)”和第五段中的“Still, right now, $50 is a good deal because we lack the knowledge to come up with a more accurate price for personal information.(不过，目前来看，50 美元

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是一笔不错的交易，因为我们缺乏为个人信息制定更准确价格的相关认知。)”可知，数据市场定价不透明， 50 美元的月付金额是随机的，并非基于准确定价。故选 C 项。

(3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The British mathematician Clive Humby was the first to come up with the phrase “data is the new oil” back in 2006. But the marketplace for these goods, which is filled with private companies such as Fog Data Science, is not clear.(早在 2006 年，英国数学家克莱夫·亨比就首次提出了“数据是新石油”的说法。 但这个充斥着福格数据科学等私人公司的商品市场并不透明。)”可知，克莱夫·亨比将数据比作重要的“新石 油”，却也指出数据市场不透明的问题，由此可推知他对每月 50 美元的付费模式持谨慎态度。故选 B 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，第一段介绍个人信息在网络数据市场被交易的现状，第二段提及人们对隐私泄露的 倦怠，第三段介绍数据付费交易模式，第四、五段指出数据市场定价不透明等问题，由此可知，文章核心围 绕个人数据交易及相关问题展开，故 D 项“The personal data trade and concerning problems.(个人数据交易及 相关问题)”最适合作为标题。故选 D 项。

Passage 3

（25-26 高二上·福建福九联盟·期中）Imagine you are driving on a stormy night, and your car suddenly warns you of the danger of an upcoming flood or an approaching hurricane. This future, where cars predict weather disasters well in advance, is edging toward reality, says the International Drivers Association. By 2030, cars are expected to develop into “smart machines” in which reliable, personal weather forecasting units are integrated, with advanced sensor technology and machine learning algorithms (算法) delivering real-time, exact weather updates. “Bridging the gap between vehicular technology and meteorology ( 气 象 学) holds massive potential in increasing road safety,” says Julianna Marshall, a travel expert from the International Drivers Association. “Imagine your car warning you of trouble ahead and then directing you away from a road that’s about to be flooded or a bridge at risk of falling down due to strong winds. That’s a breakthrough we’re keenly looking forward to.” Several key factors lay the groundwork for these weather-predicting abilities in cars by the year 2030. Modern cars have complex sensors that can measure atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity (湿度), and wind speed. These sensors can feed data into an onboard computer, providing crucial real-time weather information. Cutting-edge artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies can now analyse complex weather patterns and predict future outcomes. By integrating these technologies into car systems, your car’s computer can provide forecasts along your routes. The interconnectivity of devices, known as the Internet of Things, will play a key role. Cars could share and receive weather data from a vast network of the connected devices, improving accuracy of predictions. Such tech- integrated cars will make driving during severe conditions safer while improving the overall travel experience. “Weather prediction in cars can save hundreds of lives per year by minimizing the likelihood of weather-related accidents,” Marshall emphasizes. “Getting hands on a car built with weather prediction technology might be optional 107 / 124

today but will become imperative by 2030.” Undeniably, 2030 promises the arrival of a changing age in car technology, a world where your car might just be your best weather forecaster. An age where “the future is now” is not just an exciting prospect—it’s the norm.

1.What can the future cars probably do? A. Stop extreme weather happening. B. Change the path of the hurricane. C. Detect terrible weather conditions. D. Teach drivers how to predict weather. 2.What does paragraph 4 focus on? A. The functions of complex sensors. B. Operational principle of future cars. C. The concept of the Internet of Things. D. Increasing complexity of road safety. 3.What does the underlined word “imperative” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Reliable. B. Complex. C. Necessary. D. Unrealistic. 4.What is the author’s intention in the last paragraph? A. To keep promises. B. To make predictions. C. To express regrets. D. To offer suggestions.

答案：1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B

解析：导语：这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了未来的汽车可以感知恶劣的天气状况，并解释了其中的原理。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“This future, where cars predict weather disasters well in advance, is edging toward reality, says the International Drivers Association.(国际司机协会表示，汽车可以提前很好地预测天气灾害，这种未来 正逐渐成为现实。)”可知，未来的汽车可以感知恶劣的天气状况。故选 C。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第四段“Modern cars have complex sensors that can measure atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind speed. These sensors can feed data into an onboard computer, providing crucial real-time weather information. Cutting-edge artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies can now analyse complex weather patterns and predict future outcomes. By integrating these technologies into car systems, your car’s computer can provide forecasts along your routes.(现代汽车有复杂的传感器，可以测量大气压力、温度、湿度和风速。这些 传感器可以将数据输入机载计算机，提供关键的实时天气信息。尖端的人工智能和机器学习技术现在可以

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分析复杂的天气模式并预测未来的结果。通过将这些技术集成到汽车系统中，你的汽车计算机可以提供沿 途的预测。)”可知，第四段的重点是未来汽车的工作原理。故选 B。

(3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Weather prediction in cars can save hundreds of lives per year by minimizing the likelihood of weather-related accidents(汽车天气预报可以通过减少与天气有关的事故的可能性，每年挽救数 百人的生命)”和“Getting hands on a car built with weather prediction technology might be optional today but will become …(如今，拥有一辆搭载天气预测技术的汽车或许并非必需，但未来这将会……)”可知，汽车天气预 报每年可以挽救数百人的生命，结合 but 表示转折，如今并非必需，但推测到了 2030 年将是必不可少的。 故划线词意思是“必不可少的”，和 necessary 意思相近。故选 C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Undeniably, 2030 promises the arrival of a changing age in car technology, a world where your car might just be your best weather forecaster. An age where “the future is now” is not just an exciting prospect—it’s the norm.(毋庸置疑，2030 年将迎来汽车技术变革的新时代，在这个世界里，你的汽车或许会 成为你最贴心的天气预报员。届时，“未来已至”不再只是一个令人振奋的愿景——而将成为常态。)”可知， 作者在最后一段的意图是做预测。故选 B。

Passage 4

（25-26 高二上·福建福九联盟·期中）I am addicted to Instagram, particularly to its bookish communities. I can’t open the app without seeing a meme (梗图), artwork or quote about one of my favorite book series. But my Instagram feed is flooded with AI “art” — though to me, it is nothing but plagiarism (剽窃). Instagram seemingly has no problem with highlighting AI “artists”, which to me is a harm to real artists. Each AI “art” post takes the place of a bookish artist who spent countless hours creating truly amazing artwork. As a journalist and future educator, I can’t view AI “art” as anything but plagiarism because it is collected from artists who have not agreed to the use of their work, nor do they receive credit for it. For creatives like Bronwyn Lipka, a 25-year-old bookish artist, the reality of having their work stolen is ever- present. “AI ‘artists’ are essentially stealing your art, but there’s no way to know if they’re doing it because they face no consequences,” Lipka said. And it’s not just the AI “artists” that are contributing to this culture of irresponsibility. Meta, the parent company of Instagram, considers public Instagram posts to be part of its training data — including generative AI art training. Artists must decide whether continuing to use Meta apps, where they’ve built up a following, is worth AI stealing their intellectual property (知识产权). Many of my favorite artists have made the move to a platform that does not use AI models on user content. Ultimately, if artists continue to leave Meta platforms, the bookish community will struggle. Worse, if the bookish community starts to fade, book sales will drop sharply right down with them. Though I am not against AI and aware that it has the potential to do some really great things, I cannot stand for 109 / 124

the continuous lack of forethought in deciding where and when it should be used. Therefore, I urge Meta and any other companies introducing AI into their programming to consider the ethics of doing so, before it’s too late.

1.What does the author try to say in the first paragraph? A. Artists feel ashamed of plagiarism. B. Instagram is a widely used platform. C. The AI-created works take over Instagram. D. The bookish communities need improving. 2.What can be inferred from Lipka’s words in paragraph 3? A. AI “art” won’t take the place of real art. B. Artistic competition is becoming serious. C. Bookish artists are losing work ownership. D. AI “artists” are getting away with stealing art. 3.How does Meta’s use of Instagram posts affect artists? A. It drives them to leave Meta platforms. B. It gives them access to a wider audience. C. It increases their book sales significantly. D. It destroys their faith in intellectual property. 4.What is the text mainly about? A. A rising tendency of creating art with AI. B. Artists’ struggle for recognition in the AI age. C. The balance between AI and human creativity. D. A call for protection of human artists against AI art.

答案：1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了 Instagram 上 AI 生成的作品泛滥的问题，作者认为这是对真实艺术家 的伤害，呼吁 Meta 等公司在引入 AI 时考虑伦理问题。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“But my Instagram feed is flooded with AI “art” — though to me, it is nothing but plagiarism (剽窃). Instagram seemingly has no problem with highlighting AI “artists”, which to me is a harm to real artists.(但我的 Instagram 动态里充斥着人工智能生成的“艺术作品”——尽管在我看来，这些不过是剽窃之作。 Instagram 似乎对突出展示这些人工智能“艺术家”毫无顾虑，而在我看来，这对真正的艺术家是一种伤害。)” 可知，作者在第一段试图表达的是 Instagram 上充斥着 AI 生成的作品，AI 生成作品正在 Instagram 上大行 其道。故选 C。 (2)题解析：

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推理判断题。根据第三段中 Lipka 的话“AI ‘artists’ are essentially stealing your art, but there’s no way to know if they’re doing it because they face no consequences(人工智能‘艺术家’本质上是在窃取你的艺术作品，但人们无 从知晓他们是否正在这么做，因为他们不会面临任何后果)”可知，Lipka 认为 AI“艺术家”在窃取艺术成果， 但由于无需承担任何后果，人们无从判断这种行为何时正在发生，所以它们可以逃避惩罚。由此可推知， Lipka 的话表明 AI“艺术家”正在偷窃艺术且未受追究。故选 D。

(3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Meta, the parent company of Instagram, considers public Instagram posts to be part of its training data — including generative AI art training. Artists must decide whether continuing to use Meta apps, where they’ve built up a following, is worth AI stealing their intellectual property (知识产权).(Instagram 的母公司 Meta 将公开的 Instagram 帖子视为其训练数据的一部分——这其中包括生成式人工智能艺术训练数据。艺 术家们必须做出抉择：继续使用他们在其中积累了粉丝群体的 Meta 旗下应用，是否值得冒人工智能窃取其 知识产权的风险。)”和第五段中“Many of my favorite artists have made the move to a platform that does not use AI models on user content.(我喜爱的许多艺术家都已转投到一个不对用户内容使用人工智能模型的平台。)” 可知，Meta 使用 Instagram 帖子作为 AI 训练数据，导致艺术家们担心 AI 会窃取他们的知识产权，许多艺 术家已经选择离开 Meta 平台。由此可推知，Meta 对 Instagram 帖子的使用导致艺术家们离开 Meta 平台。 故选 A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“But my Instagram feed is flooded with AI “art” — though to me, it is nothing but plagiarism (剽窃). Instagram seemingly has no problem with highlighting AI “artists”, which to me is a harm to real artists.(但我的 Instagram 动态里充斥着人工智能生成的“艺术作品”——尽管在我看来，这些不过 是剽窃之作。Instagram 似乎对突出展示这些人工智能“艺术家”毫无顾虑，而在我看来，这对真正的艺术家 是 一 种 伤 害 。)” 和 最 后 一 段 中 “Therefore, I urge Meta and any other companies introducing AI into their programming to consider the ethics of doing so, before it’s too late.(因此，我敦促 Meta 以及任何其他在编程中 引入人工智能的公司，在为时已晚之前，慎重考虑此举的伦理道德问题。)”可知，本文主要讨论了 Instagram 上 AI 生成的艺术作品泛滥的问题，作者认为这是对真实艺术家的伤害，呼吁 Meta 等公司在引入 AI 时考虑 伦理问题。由此可知，D 项“A call for protection of human artists against AI art.(呼吁保护人类艺术家免受人工 智能艺术之害。)”能够概括文章主旨。故选 D。

Passage 5

（25-26 高二上·安徽·期中）The ThinKing by Russian watchmaker Konstantin Chaykin is only 1.65 mm thick, making it the world’s thinnest mechanical wristwatch (腕表). The “arms race” for the world’s thinnest wristwatch has been in full swing for a few years so far. Some of the most famous watch brands on Earth are still trying to one-up each other with smart designs. The latest to claim the desirable title is independent watchmaker Konstantin Chaykin with its ThinKing initial design, a 1.65 mm-thick masterpiece that is so incredibly thin that it needs a special wristband. The ThinKing’s case is so delicate that the 111 / 124

simple pressure from being worn is enough to damage it, so the special strap made of leather has to absorb some of the shocks and bending. To break the world record, Konstantin Chaykin needed to incorporate some crazy ideas into his unique design, such as removing the classic crown, instead displaying the hours and minutes through two separate windows. Despite its fragility (脆弱性) compared to conventional wristwatches, the ThinKing is made out of a special type of stainless (不锈的) steel designed to handle the stress of being worn on a daily basis. Interestingly, ultra-thin watches like the ThinKing are incredibly expensive and labor-intensive to design and produce. They require expensive materials, perfectly machined parts, and many hours of work. Wearing them is no simple business either, as their thinness puts them in danger of damage, so extreme care has to be taken when sporting one on your wrist. Compared to classic timepieces, thin wristwatches like the ThinKing aren’t very popular with collectors either, so why do so many famous watchmakers continue to produce them? Well, they do it mainly in the spirit of competition, but also for the betterment of watchmaking in general. Some of the breakthrough designs used in pioneering watches like the ThinKing end up inspiring entire design philosophies for conventional timepieces.

1.What’s the function of the special strap? A. To make the watch more flexible. B. To make the watch more comfortable. C. To take in the pressure from outside. D. To add up more value to the watch. 2.What does the underlined word “one-up” mean in paragraph 2? A. Win. B. Help. C. Praise. D. Show. 3.What is mainly talked about in paragraph 3? A. The reason why Chaykin made the ThinKing. B. The hardship Chaykin went through in his life. C. The fame the ThinKing brought to Chaykin. D. The special design which made the ThinKing stand out. 4.What’s the author’s attitude towards producing ultra-thin watches? A. Subjective. B. Indifferent. C. Objective. D. Critical.

答案：1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一款世界上最薄的机械腕表。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“The ThinKing’s case is so delicate that the simple pressure from being worn is enough to damage it, so the special strap made of leather has to absorb some of the shocks and bending.(ThinKing 的外壳

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极为脆弱，仅仅是佩戴时产生的简单压力就足以对其造成损坏，因此，必须用由皮革制成的特殊表带吸收部 分冲击和弯曲应力。)”可知，特殊表带的目的就是吸收外部的震动和弯曲，也就是吸收外部的压力。故选 C。

(2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段“The “arms race” for the world’s thinnest wristwatch has been in full swing for a few years so far.(迄今为止，全球范围内争夺“最薄腕表”的“军备竞赛”已如火如荼地持续了数年。)”以及“The latest to claim the desirable title is independent watchmaker Konstantin Chaykin with its ThinKing initial design, a 1.65 mm- thick masterpiece that is so incredibly thin that it needs a special wristband.(最新宣称获得这一令人向往头衔的， 是独立制表商 Konstantin Chaykin 及其推出的初代设计 ThinKing 腕表。这款厚度仅 1.65 毫米的杰作薄得令 人难以置信，以至于需要搭配一条特殊表带。)”可知，这些手表品牌仍然在相互竞争，想要赢过彼此。划线 词意为“战胜；赢过”，和 Win 意思相近。故选 A。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“To break the world record, Konstantin Chaykin needed to incorporate some crazy ideas into his unique design, such as removing the classic crown, instead displaying the hours and minutes through two separate windows. Despite its fragility (脆弱性) compared to conventional wristwatches, the ThinKing is made out of a special type of stainless (不锈的) steel designed to handle the stress of being worn on a daily basis.(为了打破 世界纪录，Konstantin Chaykin 需将一些大胆新奇的想法融入其独特设计中，例如取消经典表冠，转而通过 两个独立窗口分别显示时和分。尽管与传统腕表相比，ThinKing 腕表较为脆弱，但它采用了一种特殊类型 的不锈钢制成，这种钢材专为承受日常佩戴产生的应力而设计。)”可知，该段主要介绍了“ThinKing”这款手 表设计的新颖之处。故选 D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“Compared to classic timepieces, thin wristwatches like the ThinKing aren’t very popular with collectors either, so why do so many famous watchmakers continue to produce them? Well, they do it mainly in the spirit of competition, but also for the betterment of watchmaking in general. Some of the breakthrough designs used in pioneering watches like the ThinKing end up inspiring entire design philosophies for conventional timepieces.(与经典腕表相比，像 ThinKing 这类超薄腕表在收藏家群体中也不太受欢迎，那么为 何还有众多知名制表商持续推出此类产品呢？其实，他们这么做主要是出于竞争精神，同时也是为了推动 整个制表行业的进步。一些在像 ThinKing 这类先锋腕表上所采用的突破性设计，最终会为传统腕表的整体 设计理念带来灵感启发。)”可知，作者提到了厂商生产超薄手表会面临许多不利的条件，但他们仍会进行生 产，作者在整篇文章中都秉持一个客观的态度，介绍超薄手表的优劣之处。故选 C。

Passage 6

（25-26 高二上·江西稳派智慧上进·期中）When Alice from Alice in Wonderland consumes a mysterious bottle labeled “drink me”, she quickly shrinks (收缩) to the floor. The Magic School Bus once got attacked by white blood cells when it shrunk down to explore a sick person’s bloodstream. And Ant-Man is famous for using his shrinking technology in Marvel films. But will humans ever be able to become smaller like this in real life? 113 / 124

Unfortunately, physicists say that technology with the power to make someone bite-sized would break the laws of physics. Still, scientists have fun thinking over how an imaginary shrinking machine might work. “It drives you to think about: What determines the size of things?” says physicist James Kakalios. Finding the answer can involve looking into the hearts of atoms (原子). Atoms are the building blocks of almost all matter in the universe. One theoretical way to shrink something would be to reduce the size of its atoms. But an atom’s size depends on several fundamental constants (常数). Those constants don’t change. If shrinking atoms wouldn’t work, what about shortening the space between them? Atoms come together to build all kinds of molecules (分子). Atoms and molecules in the human body, though, are already packed closely together. Trying to get them even closer would be challenging. You could try to force the atoms together. But Kakalios says that even a tiny reduction in size would require enormous amounts of pressure. That would be bad news for any person who tried it on themselves. Kakalios says, “It would just flatten you, and you don’t want to do that.” Even if Alice or Ant-Man were somehow able to bypass the laws of physics to survive shrinkage, they would face other problems. For example, as their eyes shrunk, their ability to process visible wavelengths of light might become worse. Kakalios also notes that the science of making things smaller is not entirely imaginary. Although technology may not be able to shrink people, humans are remarkably good at shrinking our technology.

1.How does the author bring in the topic? A. By telling real life stories. B. By imagining our future life. C. By introducing the background. D. By describing scenes from some works. 2.What might scientists think of the technology of shrinking a person? A. Illegal. B. Inhuman. C. Imperfect. D. Impractical. 3.Which statement might Kakalios agree with? A. The atom’s size is changeable. B. The atoms and the molecules link tightly. C. Narrowing the space between atoms is easy. D. The science of making objects smaller is impossible. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. What Is Behind the Technology of Shrinking? B. How Is the Shrinking Technology Being Used? C. Should We Describe Shrinking Technology in Literature?

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D. Could We Ever Develop the Technology to Shrink Ourselves?

答案：1. D 2. D 3. B 4. D

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章通过文学作品中的场景引出主题，探讨了人类是否能够像文学作品和电影中那样 缩小自己的身体，并分析了缩小技术背后的科学原理和面临的挑战。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“When Alice from Alice in Wonderland consumes a mysterious bottle labeled “drink me”, she quickly shrinks (收缩) to the floor. The Magic School Bus once got attacked by white blood cells when it shrunk down to explore a sick person’s bloodstream. And Ant-Man is famous for using his shrinking technology in Marvel films. But will humans ever be able to become smaller like this in real life?(《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中的爱丽丝喝了 一瓶标有“喝我”的神秘药水后，迅速缩小到地板上。《魔法校车》在缩小以探索病人的血液时，曾受到白细 胞的攻击。《蚁人》以在漫威电影中使用缩小技术而闻名。但在现实生活中，人类真的能变得这么小吗？)” 可知，作者通过描述一些文学作品中的场景来引出“人类真的能变得这么小吗？”这一主题。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Unfortunately, physicists say that technology with the power to make someone bite- sized would break the laws of physics.(遗憾的是物理学家指出，能将人类缩至一口大小技术实则违背了物理定 律)”可知，科学家们认为缩小人的技术是不切实际的。故选 D 项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Atoms come together to build all kinds of molecules (分子). Atoms and molecules in the human body, though, are already packed closely together. (原子结合在一起构成各种分子。然而，人体中的 原子和分子已经紧密地结合在一起)”第五段中“You could try to force the atoms together. But Kakalios says that even a tiny reduction in size would require enormous amounts of pressure. That would be bad news for any person who tried it on themselves. Kakalios says, “It would just flatten you, and you don’t want to do that.”(你或许试图将 原子强行挤压在一起。但 Kakalios 指出，即便只是缩小一丁点，也需要施加巨大的压力。这对任何尝试者 来说都将是致命噩耗——“你会被瞬间压扁，这绝对不是你想要的结局。”)”可知，Kakalios 认为要通过挤压 缩小人类是很困难的，说明他会赞同“原子和分子已经很紧密地结合在一起”这一说法。故选 B 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“But will humans ever be able to become smaller like this in real life?(但 是人类在现实生活中真的能变得这么小吗)”可知，文章主要探讨了人类是否能够像文学作品和电影中那样缩 小自己的身体，并分析了缩小技术背后的科学原理和面临的挑战。故 D 项“Could We Ever Develop the Technology to Shrink Ourselves?(我们能否开发出缩小自己的技术)”概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选 D 项。

Passage 7

（25-26 高二上·浙江山海协作体-11 月·期中）Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, 115 / 124

we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.

1.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 2.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 3.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?

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A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.

答案：1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了 Catriona Campbell 所著 AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence 一书。该书作为应对 AI 革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述 AI 发展现状与前景，强调控制 AI 的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有 20 多年的专业经 验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了 一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写 的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差 的人写的”。故选 C 项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有 20 多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她 从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你 觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的 特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选 B 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟 的风险)”和文章倒数第二段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考 虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向 衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能

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的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选 C 项。

(4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们 都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是 AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence 的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人 工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介 绍了 Catriona Campbell 所著 AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence 一书，该书作为应对 AI 革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述 AI 发展现状与前景，强调控制 AI 的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人 工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选 A 项。

点睛：## 主题语境 04 人与自我-生活与学习

Passage 1

（25-26 高二上·浙江 G5 联盟-11 月·期中）With millions of viewers and huge sums of prize money at stake, esports has become big business. Esports is the competitive playing of video games. Every year, there are massive tournaments held around the world for video games such as FIFA and Fortnite. However, could esports soon be coming to the classroom? A new study, conducted by Dell Technologies, has found that more than two in three parents in the UK believe esports can play a positive role within education. Not everyone agrees, though, and some people say that young people already spend too much time sitting in front of screens. Esports, much like traditional sports, can teach young people many important life skills. In 2021, esports was added to the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award (DofE) for precisely this reason. The DofE is a programme for young people, which includes volunteering and outdoor expeditions. Esports was added to the skills section after organisers found that video gaming can help improve strategic thinking and teamwork. “Esports is one of the fastest-growing activities in the UK and it helps young people develop essential skills,” said Ruth Marvel, head of DofE. Another benefit of esports is its inclusivity. Boys and girls aren’t separated, and it’s open to all ages and physical abilities, including those with disabilities. “Not everyone can participate in physical sport, but everyone can participate in esports,” says Camilla Maurice from MidKent College, which offers a course in esports. By joining a school esports team, young people can make new friends and turn gaming into a more social experience. A study in January 2021 found that around 80% of young people in the UK aged between 12 and 15 were playing online games like Fortnite and Minecraft. If young people are already playing these games, then why not make them 118 / 124

a part of school? Not only would this teach them more about esports, but it could also have a positive knock-on effect on other subjects. Students who are passionate about playing video games can become interested in how these games are made.

1.What can be inferred about the study conducted by Dell Technologies? A. It supported the introduction of esports in more schools. B. It was carried out mainly among teachers and educators. C. It focused primarily on the negative effects of screen time. D. It concluded esports replaced traditional sports in education. 2.Why does the author mention the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award? A. To criticize its decision to include esports in the programme. B. To indicate esports is gaining educational acceptance in schools. C. To emphasize esports is only suitable for certain types of students. D. To suggest outdoor expeditions are of less importance than esports. 3.What is implied about the social aspect of esports in Paragraph 3? A. It discourages teamwork due to its competitive nature. B. It provides a shared activity that helps build friendships. C. It isolates players from the real-world social interactions. D. It offers social advantages only to students with disabilities. 4.According to the head of DofE, which is a direct benefit of esports? A. It replaces the need for physical sports in schools. B. It generates significant prize money for young people. C. It builds crucial skills through the UK’s top youth activity. D. It reduces the amount of time young people spend on screens.

答案：1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。介绍了电竞在教育领域的潜在价值，包括其能培养年轻人的生活技能、包容性特点，以 及将其纳入学校教育的可能性等。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“A new study, conducted by Dell Technologies, has found that more than two in three parents in the UK believe esports can play a positive role within education. (戴尔科技公司开展的一项新研究发 现，英国超过三分之二的家长认为电竞能在教育中发挥积极作用)”可知，该研究显示家长对电竞教育价值的 认可，由此可推断该研究支持在更多学校引入电竞。故选 A。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“In 2021, esports was added to the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award (DofE) for precisely this

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reason (正是出于这个原因，电竞在 2021 年被纳入了爱丁堡公爵奖)”以及“Esports was added to the skills section after organisers found that video gaming can help improve strategic thinking and teamwork. (组织者发现电子游戏 有助于提高战略思维和团队合作能力后，便将电竞纳入了技能板块)”可知，作者提到爱丁堡公爵奖，是为了 表明电竞在学校教育中正获得认可。故选 B。

(3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“By joining a school esports team, young people can make new friends and turn gaming into a more social experience. (通过加入学校电竞队，年轻人可以结交新朋友，并将游戏转变为更具社交性的 体验)”可知，电竞提供了一种共享活动，有助于建立友谊。故选 B。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段““Esports is one of the fastest-growing activities in the UK and it helps young people develop essential skills,” said Ruth Marvel, head of DofE. (爱丁堡公爵奖负责人露丝・马维尔表示：“电竞是英国 发展最快的活动之一，它有助于年轻人培养基本技能。”)”，可知爱丁堡公爵奖负责人认为电竞的直接益处 是培养关键技能。选项 C“它通过英国顶级青年活动培养关键技能”契合原文表述。故选 C。

Passage 2

（25-26 高二上·浙江 9+1 联盟-11 月·期中）The human mind is astonishing. We can solve complex problems, perform calculations, create art, and process language effortlessly. We humans are the smartest of all, or so we think… However, recent studies reveal how easily context can mislead us. Consider the Müller-Lyer illusion (错觉): equal-length lines look different if one has outward-pointing arrows and the other has inward-pointing arrows. Similarly, three identical-sized runners positioned along a visual path seem to vary in size. Before you conclude that being fooled is reserved only for visual illusions, let me give the example of Belinda: an outspoken philosophy student, deeply concerned with sustainability, biodiversity, and global warming. Is Belinda more likely: a)a top student, or b)a top student and vegetarian? Many people choose the second, because the context of being vegetarian seems to fit the image of someone deeply concerned with sustainability. But statistically, the first is more likely. There are always more top students than vegetarian top students. Yet for all its potential to trick, context more often serves as our mental shortcut to efficient understanding. Rather than memorizing every possible meaning of words and sentence patterns, we constantly use surrounding information to fill gaps. As linguist J. R. Firth observed, “You shall know a word by the company it keeps.” For example, in the sentence “My daughter was ferliamated when she got a pet dog,” we can guess that “ferliamated” means “excited”, even if the word doesn’t exist. This two-sided nature of context leads us to an important discovery about how our minds work. While we can discuss anything at any time in any context, it seems more likely that we talk about the things whose meaning lies in the same context. This offers exciting possibilities for understanding both the human mind and language itself — showing how communication depends not just on our thinking, but equally on how language is built to work with context. 120 / 124

1.Which image matches the description of the “runners” illusion? A. B. C. D. 2.Why do people often choose option (b) in the Belinda example? A. Personalities affect decision-making. B. Top students often make better choices. C. Extra details disturb their logical thinking. D. Personal experiences lead to their false judgment. 3.How do Firth’s quote and the “ferliamated” example support the author’s point? A. They prove that words can have random meanings. B. They explain why memorizing words isn’t a shortcut. C. They demonstrate what dictionaries can’t really clarify. D. They show how context contributes to word understanding. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The value of the research into context. B. The complex nature of context. C. The topics discussed within the same context. D. The link between context and mind.

答案：1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A

解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了语境具有误导性和帮助高效理解的两面性，及其对理解人类思维和语 言的价值。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Similarly, three identical-sized runners positioned along a visual path seem to vary in

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size. (同样，三个相同尺寸的跑步者沿着视觉路径排列时，尺寸似乎不同。)”可知，图片 B 展示了三人因位 置不同产生大小差异的错觉，符合描述。故选 B。

(2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Before you conclude that being fooled is reserved only for visual illusions, let me give the example of Belinda: an outspoken philosophy student, deeply concerned with sustainability, biodiversity, and global warming. Is Belinda more likely: a)a top student, or b)a top student and vegetarian? Many people choose the second, because the context of being vegetarian seems to fit the image of someone deeply concerned with sustainability. But statistically, the first is more likely. There are always more top students than vegetarian top students. (在你得出只有视觉错觉才会被愚弄的结论之前，让我举个贝琳达的例子：一个直言不讳的哲学系学生，深 深关注可持续性、生物多样性和全球变暖。贝琳达更有可能是：a)学霸，还是 b)学霸兼素食主义者？许多人 选择第二种，因为作为素食者的背景似乎符合一个深切关注可持续发展的人的形象。但从统计数据来看，前 者更有可能。优等生总是比吃素的优等生多。)”可知，额外的细节干扰了他们的逻辑思维，故选 C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Rather than memorizing every possible meaning of words and sentence patterns, we constantly use surrounding information to fill gaps. As linguist J. R. Firth observed, “You shall know a word by the company it keeps.” For example, in the sentence “My daughter was ferliamated when she got a pet dog,” we can guess that “ferliamated” means “excited”, even if the word doesn’t exist. (我们不是记住单词和句型的每一种可能 含义，而是不断使用周围的信息来填补空白。正如语言学家 J. R. 弗斯所说：“你可以通过一个词的上下文 来了解它。”例如，在句子“我女儿得到一只宠物狗时 ferliamated 了”中，我们可以猜测“ferliamated”的意思是 “兴奋的”，即使这个词不存在。)”可知，它们展示了语境如何帮助理解单词，故选 D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“This offers exciting possibilities for understanding both the human mind and language itself — showing how communication depends not just on our thinking, but equally on how language is built to work with context. (这为理解人类思维和语言本身提供了令人兴奋的可能性 —— 展示了交流不仅取决于我们的 思维，还同样取决于语言如何与语境结合。)”可知，最后一段主要讲关于语境研究的价值，故选 A。

主题语境 05 人与自然-环境

（25-26 高二上·湖北圆创联盟-11 月阶段练习（·期中）It is universally believed that the destruction and disappearance of coral reefs (珊瑚礁), essential parts of the ocean ecosystem that support great biodiversity, bring absolutely no benefit but only serious harm to the environment. In fact, scientists have found that their loss and damage could mean oceans can absorb more CO₂, slowing the buildup of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. “It is a beneficial effect if you only care about the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere,” says Lester Kwiatkowski at Sorbonne University in Paris, France. But their reduction is harmful for biodiversity and leaves coasts exposed to rising seas, he says. 122 / 124

How much the world will warm depends mainly on the level of CO₂ in the atmosphere. So far, the land and oceans have absorbed around half of the extra CO₂ we have emitted. A popular belief is that corals remove CO₂ from seawater as they grow their structures. Actually, the process, called calcification (钙化), is a net source of CO₂, adding more CO₂ than it removes. Observations also suggest rising seawater temperatures and oceans’ absorption of CO₂ are causing coral reefs’ bleaching (白化) and die-offs, so their release of CO₂ is reduced. Kwiatkowski and his team took published estimates of how corals will be affected by warming and absorbed CO₂ in oceans and used a computer model to work out how this might change ocean carbon absorption in various situations. They conclude that the oceans could take up between 1% and 5% more carbon by 2100, and up to 13% more by 2300. But the precondition of the study is that corals aren’t able to adapt to the new environment, says Chris jury at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. If Kwiatkowski’s team is correct, the amount of the carbon budget, which will lead to a given level of warming, is a little larger than currently thought. “I think we would like our budgets to be as accurate as possible, even if we’re blowing through them,” says Kwiatkowski.

1.How does the author introduce the topic? A. Listing environmental benefits. B. Describing coral reef ecosystems. C. Explaining coral decline processes. D. Showing a contrast between beliefs. 2.What can be inferred about coral reefs from paragraph 2 and 3? A. Warmer oceans with CO₂ help them grow. B. Ocean CO₂ levels can be reduced by them. C. Climate has a very close link to coral reefs. D. Coral reefs prevent the rising of sea levels. 3.Why does the research need to be improved? A. It predicts smaller carbon budgets. B. It ignores corals’ adaptation ability. C. It uses unproven computer models. D. It concludes carbon uptake increase. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Reefs in Crisis: A Warming World’s Effect B. Oceans Discovery: An Unexpected Finding C. Beyond the Bleaching: The Hidden Benefits D. Saving Coral Reefs: New Scientific Methods

答案：1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C

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解析：导语：本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了珊瑚礁消失可能对环境有益的意外发现。科学家发现，珊瑚礁的减少可能使 海洋吸收更多二氧化碳，从而减缓温室气体在大气中的积累。

(1)题解析： 推理判断题。文章第一段提到“It is universally believed that the destruction and disappearance of coral reefs (珊 瑚礁), essential parts of the ocean ecosystem that support great biodiversity, bring absolutely no benefit but only serious harm to the environment.(人们普遍认为，珊瑚礁的破坏与消失（珊瑚礁是海洋生态系统的重要组成部 分，支撑着丰富的生物多样性）不仅不会给环境带来任何益处，反而会带来严重的危害。)”，紧接着又指出 “In fact, scientists have found that their loss and damage could mean oceans can absorb more CO2, slowing the buildup of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.(事实上，科学家发现，它们的损失和破坏可能意味着海洋可 以吸收更多的二氧化碳，减缓这种温室气体在大气中的积累。)”，这里通过展示人们普遍认为的观点和科学 家实际发现的情况之间的对比，来引入话题。故选 D 项。 (2)题解析： 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 二 段 中 “How much the world will warm depends mainly on the level of CO2 in the atmosphere.(世界变暖的程度主要取决于大气中二氧化碳的含量。)”以及第三段中“Observations also suggest rising seawater temperatures and oceans’ absorption of CO2 are causing coral reefs’ bleaching (白化) and die-offs, so their release of CO2 is reduced.(观察还表明，海水温度上升和海洋吸收二氧化碳导致珊瑚礁白化和死亡， 因此它们释放的二氧化碳减少了。)”，可以看出大气中二氧化碳含量影响世界变暖程度，而海水温度和海洋 吸收二氧化碳又与珊瑚礁相关，珊瑚礁又影响二氧化碳的释放，所以可以推断出气候与珊瑚礁有着非常密 切的联系。故选 C 项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中“But the precondition of the study is that corals aren’t able to adapt to the new environment, says Chris jury at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.(但是，夏威夷大学马诺阿分校的克里 斯·朱里说，这项研究的前提是珊瑚无法适应新环境。)”可知，这项研究需要改进的原因是它忽略了珊瑚的 适应能力。故选 B 项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段先提出人们普遍认为珊瑚礁的破坏和消失对环境只有危害，接着转折指 出科学家发现其损失和破坏可能使海洋吸收更多二氧化碳，减缓温室气体在大气中的积累，后面又围绕这 一发现展开讨论，包括研究过程、研究前提等，整体是在讲述珊瑚礁除了白化等危害外，还有隐藏的益处。 因此文章主要讨论了珊瑚礁减少可能带来的意外好处，即海洋吸收更多二氧化碳。C 选项“Beyond the Bleaching: The Hidden Benefits(白化现象之外：那些未被察觉的益处)”概括文章主要内容，适合标题。故选 C。

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