介词
介词表示名词或代词与句中其他成分之间的关系,不能单独充当句子成分,必须带宾语构成介词短语。
一、核心规则
- 分类:简单介词(at, in, on, for, with, by)、合成介词(into, onto, within, without, throughout)、短语介词(according to, because of, in front of, due to)、成语介词(介词 + 名词 + 介词:in spite of, by means of, on account of)。
- 介词宾语九类:名词、代词宾格、动名词、动词不定式(限 but/except 等少数)、疑问词 + 不定式、从句、数词、副词(here, there, abroad)、形容词(in the dark 类的固定搭配)。没有”介词 + 动词原形”。
- 时间介词三分:at 用于时刻与瞬间(at 6:00, at noon, at the age of five);on 用于具体某一天或其上下午(on Sunday, on the morning of March 18);in 用于世纪、年、季、月、周及泛指的上午下午晚上(in 1999, in winter, in the morning)。
- for / during / through:for 接一段时间,多与完成时连用;during 表”在……期间”,接已知时间段;through 表”自始至终”。
- from / since:from 是时间起点,多用于 from…to/till;since 意为”自从……以来”,接时间点,与完成时连用。
- 地点介词成对记:in(内部)/outside(外部);between(两者,或”多者中两两之间”,常与 and 连用)/among(多者,后接笼统的人和事物);on(表面接触)/above(位置高出,不强调垂直)/over(正上方);below(低于)/under(正下方);near(附近)/by = beside(紧靠,比 near 更近)。
- 介词短语的句法功能:作状语(He works in a bank.)、作定语(the book on the desk)、作表语(She is in good health.)、作宾语补足语(Keep it in order.)。
- 固定搭配是介词的真正考点:形容词 + 介词(be good at, be proud of)、动词 + 介词(depend on, look after)、名词 + 介词(a key to, an answer to)、介词 + 名词 + 介词(in spite of)。
二、结构与公式
- 基本结构:
介词 + 宾语(名词/代词宾格/动名词/wh-词/从句) - 时间:
at + 时刻/瞬间|on + 具体某天(的上下午)|in + 年/月/季/周/泛指上下午晚上 - 持续:
for + 时间段(配完成时)|since + 时间点(配完成时) - 地点:
between A and B|among + 复数/集体名词|over/under(垂直)|above/below(非垂直) - 表被动:部分介词短语主动形式表被动(The book is worth reading.)
三、典型例句
- I get up at 6:00 every day.(我每天 6 点起床。)——at 用于时刻。
- We don’t have classes on Sunday.(星期天我们不上课。)——on 用于具体某一天。
- In September the campus is full of freshmen.(九月校园里到处是新生。)——in 用于月份。
- She has been ill for several days.(她已经病了几天了。)——for + 时间段,与完成时连用。
- He has been away from home since 1973.(他自 1973 年就离开了家乡。)——since + 时间点。
- The building stands between the park and the small river.(那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。)——between 指两者。
- “There is a thief among you,” the policeman shouted to the crowd.(警察向人群喊道:”你们中间有个小偷!”)——among 后接笼统的集体。
- The picture is hanging over the blackboard.(那张图挂在黑板的正上方。)——over 表正上方。
- He just sat by/beside me in the cinema.(在电影院他就坐在我旁边。)——by = beside,比 near 更近。
四、易错点
- ✗ in Monday morning → ✓ on Monday morning——具体某天的早晨用 on,不用 in。
- ✗ I have learned English for three years ago. → ✓ I have learned English for three years. / I learned English three years ago.——for 接时间段,ago 是副词。
- ✗ between the three boys → ✓ among the three boys——between 用于两者;但若强调”两两之间”且有 and 连接,多者也可用 between(Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Austria and Italy.)。
- ✗ I’m looking forward to see you. → ✓ I’m looking forward to seeing you.——介词 to 后接动名词。
- ✗ He insisted to go. → ✓ He insisted on going.——动词后接哪个介词是固定搭配,须整体记忆。
- ✗ in the last two years(可与现在完成时连用,正确) ✗ since two years → ✓ for two years / since two years ago——since 后接时间点,不接时间段。
五、高考考点
- 语法填空:无提示词的介词空是必考题型,主要靠固定搭配(be responsible for、a solution to、in return)与时间地点三分法判断。
- 短文改错:多余介词(discuss about)、缺失介词(arrive the city → arrive at/in the city)、介词后动词形式错误。
- 单项选择:in/on/at 时间用法、between/among、besides/except、with/without 的辨析。
- 写作升级:介词短语作后置定语替代定语从句,如
the man in charge of the project代替the man who is in charge of the project。
六、对比与延伸
短语动词、动名词、非谓语动词、现在完成时、关系代词与关系副词、定语从句、形容词、副词、冠词
七、来源
语法体系/英语语法网专栏/介词用法/00493-常用表示时间的介词.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/介词用法/00494-英语常见表示地点的介词.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/介词用法/00101-英语介词的九类宾语.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/介词用法/00495-常见“形容词+介词”短语.md
作者:admin 创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48