非谓语动词

不能在句中单独作谓语的动词形式,含不定式、动名词、分词三类,可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或补语。

一、核心规则

  1. 非谓语动词不作谓语,因此不受主语的人称和数限制;句子的时态与语态由谓语动词承担。
  2. 按形式分三类:不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)、分词(现在分词 doing / 过去分词 done)。同一 doing 形式属动名词还是现在分词,靠句法功能判定。
  3. 非谓语有相对时间:一般式表示与谓语动作同时或之后发生;完成式(to have done / having done)表示先于谓语动作发生。
  4. 非谓语也有语态:主动式(to do, doing)与被动式(to be done, being done, done)。逻辑主语是动作承受者时用被动式。
  5. 非谓语的逻辑主语通常就是句子主语;若二者不一致,须改用独立主格、for sb to do 或 one’s doing 等结构。
  6. 某些固定结构习惯用主动形式表被动意义,如 be difficult to answer、have sth to write、The house is to let。
  7. 解题三步:① 找非谓语的逻辑主语;② 判断主动还是被动;③ 判断动作先后,据此选定形式。

二、结构与公式

不定式:to do | to be doing | to have done | to be done | to have been done
动名词:doing | having done | being done | having been done
现在分词:doing | having done | being done | having been done
过去分词:done(只有一般式,无完成式、无进行式)
否定式:not / never + 非谓语(not to do, not doing, not having done)
被动否定:not being done, not having been done
  • 作主语:To see is to believe. / Seeing is believing.(眼见为实。)
  • 作宾语:hope to do / enjoy doing
  • 作状语:Done in a hurry, the work is poor.

三、典型例句

  1. To master a foreign language is no easy job.(掌握一门外语绝非易事。)
  2. I heard her singing an English song in the next room.(我听见她在隔壁房间唱英文歌。)
  3. Given more time, we could have done it better.(要是多给些时间,我们本可以做得更好。)
  4. He is said to have gone abroad for further study.(据说他已出国深造。)
  5. Being ill, she didn’t come to school yesterday.(由于生病,她昨天没来上学。)
  6. I have a lot of homework to finish tonight.(今晚我有很多作业要完成。)

四、易错点

  1. ✗ I’m looking forward to see you. → ✓ I’m looking forward to seeing you.(look forward to 中的 to 是介词,后接动名词)
  2. ✗ Having finished the work, the classroom was cleaned. → ✓ Having finished the work, we cleaned the classroom.(非谓语逻辑主语须与句子主语一致,否则改用独立主格)
  3. ✗ The book is easy to be read. → ✓ The book is easy to read.(be + 形容词 + to do 结构中习惯用主动表被动)
  4. ✗ Hearing the news, tears came to her eyes. → ✓ Hearing the news, she burst into tears.(避免悬垂分词:分词主语不能是 tears)

五、高考考点

  1. 语法填空给出括号内动词时,先判断句中是否已有谓语:已有谓语则填非谓语形式。
  2. 单选/语法填空常考「主动 vs 被动」(being done / done / to be done)与「时间先后」(having done / to have done)。
  3. 短文改错高频:动名词与不定式混用、分词与句子主语不一致。
  4. 写作升级:用分词短语替代状语从句或定语从句,使句式紧凑、得分更高。

六、对比与延伸

七、来源

  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00249-现在分词用法说明.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00250-过去分词用法说明.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00246-非谓语动词主动表被动的八种情形.md
  • 语法体系/高中英语语法速查.md
作者:admin  创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin  更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48