非谓语动词
不能在句中单独作谓语的动词形式,含不定式、动名词、分词三类,可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或补语。
一、核心规则
- 非谓语动词不作谓语,因此不受主语的人称和数限制;句子的时态与语态由谓语动词承担。
- 按形式分三类:不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)、分词(现在分词 doing / 过去分词 done)。同一 doing 形式属动名词还是现在分词,靠句法功能判定。
- 非谓语有相对时间:一般式表示与谓语动作同时或之后发生;完成式(to have done / having done)表示先于谓语动作发生。
- 非谓语也有语态:主动式(to do, doing)与被动式(to be done, being done, done)。逻辑主语是动作承受者时用被动式。
- 非谓语的逻辑主语通常就是句子主语;若二者不一致,须改用独立主格、for sb to do 或 one’s doing 等结构。
- 某些固定结构习惯用主动形式表被动意义,如 be difficult to answer、have sth to write、The house is to let。
- 解题三步:① 找非谓语的逻辑主语;② 判断主动还是被动;③ 判断动作先后,据此选定形式。
二、结构与公式
不定式:to do | to be doing | to have done | to be done | to have been done
动名词:doing | having done | being done | having been done
现在分词:doing | having done | being done | having been done
过去分词:done(只有一般式,无完成式、无进行式)
否定式:not / never + 非谓语(not to do, not doing, not having done)
被动否定:not being done, not having been done
- 作主语:To see is to believe. / Seeing is believing.(眼见为实。)
- 作宾语:hope to do / enjoy doing
- 作状语:Done in a hurry, the work is poor.
三、典型例句
- To master a foreign language is no easy job.(掌握一门外语绝非易事。)
- I heard her singing an English song in the next room.(我听见她在隔壁房间唱英文歌。)
- Given more time, we could have done it better.(要是多给些时间,我们本可以做得更好。)
- He is said to have gone abroad for further study.(据说他已出国深造。)
- Being ill, she didn’t come to school yesterday.(由于生病,她昨天没来上学。)
- I have a lot of homework to finish tonight.(今晚我有很多作业要完成。)
四、易错点
- ✗ I’m looking forward to see you. → ✓ I’m looking forward to seeing you.(look forward to 中的 to 是介词,后接动名词)
- ✗ Having finished the work, the classroom was cleaned. → ✓ Having finished the work, we cleaned the classroom.(非谓语逻辑主语须与句子主语一致,否则改用独立主格)
- ✗ The book is easy to be read. → ✓ The book is easy to read.(be + 形容词 + to do 结构中习惯用主动表被动)
- ✗ Hearing the news, tears came to her eyes. → ✓ Hearing the news, she burst into tears.(避免悬垂分词:分词主语不能是 tears)
五、高考考点
- 语法填空给出括号内动词时,先判断句中是否已有谓语:已有谓语则填非谓语形式。
- 单选/语法填空常考「主动 vs 被动」(being done / done / to be done)与「时间先后」(having done / to have done)。
- 短文改错高频:动名词与不定式混用、分词与句子主语不一致。
- 写作升级:用分词短语替代状语从句或定语从句,使句式紧凑、得分更高。
六、对比与延伸
- 动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词——四类形式分页展开
- 动名词 vs 不定式——同一动词接两者时含义是否改变
- 非谓语动词解题总策略——高考解题固定流程
- 独立主格、被动语态、句子成分、五种基本句型
七、来源
语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00249-现在分词用法说明.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00250-过去分词用法说明.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00246-非谓语动词主动表被动的八种情形.md语法体系/高中英语语法速查.md
作者:admin 创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48