构词法
构词法是词的构成规律,英语有转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法、首尾字母结合法;高中阶段最常用、最常考的是转化法、派生法、合成法,其中派生法是语法填空的核心。
一、核心规则
- 转化法(conversion):词形不变而词性改变。
water(水→浇水)、book(书→预订)、empty(空的→倒空)、up(向上→向上走)。 - 派生法(derivation):加前缀或后缀构成新词,是语法填空”给词填空”的命题基础。
- 合成法(compounding):两个或以上词合成新词。
classroom,blackboard,five-year-old,hands-on;作定语用的合成形容词中名词用单数(a five-year-old son)。 - 混合法与截短法:混合法如
smog(smoke + fog)、brunch(breakfast + lunch);截短法如ad(advertisement)、exam(examination)、flu(influenza)。 - 前缀改变词义,一般不改变词性:un-/in-/im-/dis-(否定)、re-(再)、pre-(预先)、mis-(错误地)、over-(过度)、under-(不足)、en-(使……)。
happy → unhappy、write → rewrite、understand → misunderstand。 - 后缀改变词性,是语法填空的判断依据:
- 副词后缀:-ly(actual → actually, sudden → suddenly, soft → softly, accurate → accurately, beautiful → beautifully, willing → willingly)
- 形容词后缀:-ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ish, -al, -ive, -ent(pain → painful/painless, differ → different, use → useful, color → colorful, home → homeless, fool → foolish, danger → dangerous)
- 名词后缀:-er, -or, -tion, -sion, -ist, -ism, -ment, -ness, -ship, -age, -hood, -ity(read → reader, accept → acceptance, act → actor, agree → agreement, relation → relationship, art → artist)
- 同一词根可配不同后缀且意义不同:pain → painful(疼痛的)/painless(无痛的);因此必须先读句意再定后缀,不能只看词根。
- 分词形容词:现在分词转化来的 -ing 形容词表”令人……的”,过去分词转化来的 -ed 形容词表”感到……的”,另有不规则分词形容词 gone, known, broken, married。参见 现在分词、过去分词、非谓语动词。
二、结构与公式
- 派生副词:
形容词 + -ly→ 作状语 - 派生形容词:
名词/动词 + -ful/-less/-able/-ous/-al/-ive/-ent - 派生名词:
动词 + -er/-or/-tion/-sion/-ment/-ance/形容词 + -ness/-ity/名词 + -ship/-hood/-age - 合成形容词作定语:
数词-名词单数(-形容词)(a ten-minute break, a 120-page report) - 填空四步:
判断空格成分(主/宾/定/状)→定词性→选后缀→定单复数/所有格/冠词
三、典型例句
- The river was so polluted that it actually caught fire and burned.(这条河污染得如此严重,以至于真的着火了。)(2014 课标卷 I)——派生副词作状语。
- And the passengers suddenly became friendly to one another.(乘客们突然彼此友好起来。)(2014 课标卷 II)
- Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and softly.(微微屈膝,像树枝一样伸出手臂,自然而轻柔。)(2014 辽宁卷)
- My legs become painful.(我的腿变得疼痛起来。)(2014 辽宁卷)——名词/动词派生形容词。
- Over the years I’ve come to realize how much of my success I owe to my acceptance of those words as one of my values.(多年来我逐渐意识到,我的成功在很大程度上归功于我把这些话接受为自己的价值观之一。)——动词派生名词。
- Readers of that magazine are interested in sports.(那本杂志的读者对体育感兴趣。)——派生名词还要判断复数。
- All the actors’ names were listed in the program.(所有演员的名字都列在节目单上。)——派生名词 + 所有格。
- There is a close relationship between poverty and crime.(贫困与犯罪之间有密切关系。)——relation → relationship。
- The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.(仅凭体力就能谋生的日子已经过去了。)——不规则分词形容词。
四、易错点
- ✗ The passengers sudden became friendly. → ✓ The passengers suddenly became friendly.——修饰动词须用副词,先判成分再定词性。
- ✗ My legs become pain. → ✓ My legs become painful.——连系动词后须用形容词。
- ✗ pain 一律加 -less → ✓ 视句意选 painful(疼痛的)或 painless(无痛的)——同词根不同后缀意义相反。
- ✗ All the actor names were listed. → ✓ All the actors’ names were listed.——派生名词后仍须判断是否需要所有格。
- ✗ These are three five-years-old boys. → ✓ These are three five-year-old boys.——合成形容词中的名词用单数,且整体不加 -s。
- ✗ I have much success / I owe my success to accept those words. → ✓ … to my acceptance of those words.——介词后、物主代词后须用名词。
五、高考考点
- 语法填空(给词填空)高频题型:判断所填词的词性,是构词法最直接的考查。四类考点依次为派生副词、派生形容词、派生名词、分词形容词。
- 判断顺序(本页最有用的解题策略):先看空格在句中作什么成分——作状语→副词;作定语/表语/宾补→形容词;作主语/宾语/介词宾语→名词;再在名词上追加判断单复数、所有格与冠词。
- 短文改错:词性误用(形容词当副词)、合成形容词漏连字符或名词误用复数。
- 写作升级:同一句用不同词性改写可提升表达,如
He accepted the offer. → His acceptance of the offer...;也常用合成形容词压缩定语从句,如a two-hour exam。
六、对比与延伸
名词、形容词、副词、动词时态总览、现在分词、过去分词、非谓语动词、高考语法高频考点与命题陷阱
七、来源
语法体系/英语语法网专栏/语法综合/04203-构词法知识在语法填空题中的四类考点.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/名词用法/00111-名词复数的构成方法.md
资料覆盖说明:英语语法网无「构词法」专属栏目,本页以
语法综合/04203-构词法知识在语法填空题中的四类考点.md为主线,辅以名词复数构成一文;转化法/合成法/截短法等仅在来源口径内概述。如需补全,建议后续向raw/增加构词法专题资料后走 Ingest。
作者:admin 创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48