构词法

构词法是词的构成规律,英语有转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法、首尾字母结合法;高中阶段最常用、最常考的是转化法、派生法、合成法,其中派生法是语法填空的核心。

一、核心规则

  1. 转化法(conversion):词形不变而词性改变。water(水→浇水)、book(书→预订)、empty(空的→倒空)、up(向上→向上走)。
  2. 派生法(derivation):加前缀或后缀构成新词,是语法填空”给词填空”的命题基础。
  3. 合成法(compounding):两个或以上词合成新词。classroom, blackboard, five-year-old, hands-on;作定语用的合成形容词中名词用单数(a five-year-old son)。
  4. 混合法与截短法:混合法如 smog(smoke + fog)、brunch(breakfast + lunch);截短法如 ad(advertisement)、exam(examination)、flu(influenza)。
  5. 前缀改变词义,一般不改变词性:un-/in-/im-/dis-(否定)、re-(再)、pre-(预先)、mis-(错误地)、over-(过度)、under-(不足)、en-(使……)。happy → unhappy、write → rewrite、understand → misunderstand。
  6. 后缀改变词性,是语法填空的判断依据:
    • 副词后缀:-ly(actual → actually, sudden → suddenly, soft → softly, accurate → accurately, beautiful → beautifully, willing → willingly)
    • 形容词后缀:-ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ish, -al, -ive, -ent(pain → painful/painless, differ → different, use → useful, color → colorful, home → homeless, fool → foolish, danger → dangerous)
    • 名词后缀:-er, -or, -tion, -sion, -ist, -ism, -ment, -ness, -ship, -age, -hood, -ity(read → reader, accept → acceptance, act → actor, agree → agreement, relation → relationship, art → artist)
  7. 同一词根可配不同后缀且意义不同:pain → painful(疼痛的)/painless(无痛的);因此必须先读句意再定后缀,不能只看词根。
  8. 分词形容词:现在分词转化来的 -ing 形容词表”令人……的”,过去分词转化来的 -ed 形容词表”感到……的”,另有不规则分词形容词 gone, known, broken, married。参见 现在分词、过去分词、非谓语动词。

二、结构与公式

  • 派生副词:形容词 + -ly → 作状语
  • 派生形容词:名词/动词 + -ful/-less/-able/-ous/-al/-ive/-ent
  • 派生名词:动词 + -er/-or/-tion/-sion/-ment/-ance / 形容词 + -ness/-ity / 名词 + -ship/-hood/-age
  • 合成形容词作定语:数词-名词单数(-形容词)(a ten-minute break, a 120-page report)
  • 填空四步:判断空格成分(主/宾/定/状) → 定词性 → 选后缀 → 定单复数/所有格/冠词

三、典型例句

  1. The river was so polluted that it actually caught fire and burned.(这条河污染得如此严重,以至于真的着火了。)(2014 课标卷 I)——派生副词作状语。
  2. And the passengers suddenly became friendly to one another.(乘客们突然彼此友好起来。)(2014 课标卷 II)
  3. Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and softly.(微微屈膝,像树枝一样伸出手臂,自然而轻柔。)(2014 辽宁卷)
  4. My legs become painful.(我的腿变得疼痛起来。)(2014 辽宁卷)——名词/动词派生形容词。
  5. Over the years I’ve come to realize how much of my success I owe to my acceptance of those words as one of my values.(多年来我逐渐意识到,我的成功在很大程度上归功于我把这些话接受为自己的价值观之一。)——动词派生名词。
  6. Readers of that magazine are interested in sports.(那本杂志的读者对体育感兴趣。)——派生名词还要判断复数。
  7. All the actors’ names were listed in the program.(所有演员的名字都列在节目单上。)——派生名词 + 所有格。
  8. There is a close relationship between poverty and crime.(贫困与犯罪之间有密切关系。)——relation → relationship。
  9. The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.(仅凭体力就能谋生的日子已经过去了。)——不规则分词形容词。

四、易错点

  • ✗ The passengers sudden became friendly. → ✓ The passengers suddenly became friendly.——修饰动词须用副词,先判成分再定词性。
  • ✗ My legs become pain. → ✓ My legs become painful.——连系动词后须用形容词。
  • ✗ pain 一律加 -less → ✓ 视句意选 painful(疼痛的)或 painless(无痛的)——同词根不同后缀意义相反。
  • ✗ All the actor names were listed. → ✓ All the actors’ names were listed.——派生名词后仍须判断是否需要所有格。
  • ✗ These are three five-years-old boys. → ✓ These are three five-year-old boys.——合成形容词中的名词用单数,且整体不加 -s。
  • ✗ I have much success / I owe my success to accept those words. → ✓ … to my acceptance of those words.——介词后、物主代词后须用名词。

五、高考考点

  1. 语法填空(给词填空)高频题型:判断所填词的词性,是构词法最直接的考查。四类考点依次为派生副词、派生形容词、派生名词、分词形容词。
  2. 判断顺序(本页最有用的解题策略):先看空格在句中作什么成分——作状语→副词;作定语/表语/宾补→形容词;作主语/宾语/介词宾语→名词;再在名词上追加判断单复数、所有格与冠词。
  3. 短文改错:词性误用(形容词当副词)、合成形容词漏连字符或名词误用复数。
  4. 写作升级:同一句用不同词性改写可提升表达,如 He accepted the offer. → His acceptance of the offer...;也常用合成形容词压缩定语从句,如 a two-hour exam。

六、对比与延伸

名词、形容词、副词、动词时态总览、现在分词、过去分词、非谓语动词、高考语法高频考点与命题陷阱

七、来源

  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/语法综合/04203-构词法知识在语法填空题中的四类考点.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/名词用法/00111-名词复数的构成方法.md

资料覆盖说明:英语语法网无「构词法」专属栏目,本页以 语法综合/04203-构词法知识在语法填空题中的四类考点.md 为主线,辅以名词复数构成一文;转化法/合成法/截短法等仅在来源口径内概述。如需补全,建议后续向 raw/ 增加构词法专题资料后走 Ingest。

作者:admin  创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin  更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48