被动语态

由”be + 过去分词”构成,表示主语是动作的承受者而非执行者;时态、人称和数的变化都由助动词 be 承担。

一、核心规则

  1. 何时用被动:① 不知道或不必说出执行者;② 强调动作承受者;③ 出于礼貌或客观陈述(如 It is said that…)。
  2. 构成:be + 过去分词,be 随人称、数、时态变化;执行者由 by 引出,可省略。
  3. 八种常用时态的被动:一般现在 am/is/are done;一般过去 was/were done;现在进行 am/is/are being done;过去进行 was/were being done;一般将来 will be done;过去将来 would be done;现在完成 have/has been done;过去完成 had been done。
  4. 情态动词的被动:情态动词 + be + 过去分词,如 must be obeyed;也可用 情态动词 + have been + 过去分词 表对过去的推测或责备。
  5. get + 过去分词也可表被动(got beaten),多用于口语和突发不利事件;避免与”be + 过去分词”表状态混淆时常用它。
  6. 短语动词作整体处理:介词、副词不可丢,如 be operated on, be turned down, be looked down upon;”动词+名词+介词”既可把宾语也可把名词作主语(pay attention to → be paid attention to / attention be paid to)。
  7. 主动形式表被动:连系动词(look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove)、表主语属性的不及物动词(read, wash, sell, cut, wear, open, close, lock)、begin/end、以及 easy/difficult/deserve/bear 后接不定式等情形,用主动表被动。
  8. 不能用被动的情形:不及物动词(happen, take place, break out, appear, last, arise)、某些静态动词(have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble)、宾语为相互代词或反身代词时。

二、结构与公式

  • 基本式:主语(承受者)+ be + 过去分词 (+ by + 执行者)。
  • 主动变被动三步:① 原宾语作主语;② 动词变 be + 过去分词(时态不变);③ 原主语变 by 短语(可省)。
  • 双宾语:give sb sth → sb be given sth / sth be given to sb;buy/cook/make 类用 for(A dictionary was bought for her.);know 类习惯用 to(be known to)。
  • 复合宾语:make sb do sth → sb be made to do sth(还原 to)。
  • 非谓语被动:to be done、to have been done、being done、having been done;过去分词本身即表被动,无被动式。

三、典型例句

  1. Rice is grown in south China.(华南种植水稻。)——一般现在时的被动。
  2. This road was being built this time last year.(这条路去年这个时候还在修建。)——过去进行时的被动。
  3. The cars will be sent abroad by sea.(这些汽车将由水路运往国外。)——一般将来时的被动。
  4. This novel has been translated into several languages.(这本小说已被译成几种语言。)——现在完成时的被动。
  5. A man has been arrested and is being questioned now.(一名男子已被逮捕,现在正在接受审问。)——语态与时态综合。
  6. The cloth washes well.(这种布料好洗。)——主动形式表被动意义。
  7. He hates being made a fool of.(他讨厌被别人愚弄。)——动名词的被动式。

四、易错点

  1. ✗ The accident was happened last night. → ✓ The accident happened last night. happen 是不及物动词,无被动语态。
  2. ✗ Good care must take of babies. → ✓ Good care must be taken of babies. 短语动词变被动时介词 of 不能丢。
  3. ✗ The water was felt cool. → ✓ The water felt cool. feel 此处为不及物动词/连系动词,用主动表被动。
  4. ✗ This window was broken by Kate yesterday. 与 This glass is broken. 混用 → 前者是被动语态(强调动作、有 by 与时间状语),后者是系表结构(强调状态、表目前性质)。

五、高考考点

  1. 语态与时态综合:选项同时考”是否被动 + 用哪个时态”,如 my suit has been ruined、The window hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.
  2. 语态与主谓一致:如 All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.;主语中心词决定单复数,语态由逻辑关系决定。
  3. 语态与虚拟语气、倒装结合:如 it is necessary that he (should) not be sent to Miami;Only after my friend came was the computer repaired.
  4. 主动表被动与”不能用于被动”的判断:由动词是及物还是不及物、是否为静态动词决定,是历年命题的高频陷阱。
  5. 写作升级:说明文、新闻报道中适度使用被动可突出事实与结果,如 Much attention has been paid to environmental protection.

六、对比与延伸

七、来源

  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/被动语态/01154-8种常用时态的被动语态.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/被动语态/02854-英语被动语态主要知识归纳.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/被动语态/00199-英语主动表被动用法归纳.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/被动语态/00197-不用于被动语态的情形.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/被动语态/01541-有关被动语态的几个重要考点.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/被动语态/
作者:admin  创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin  更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48