动词不定式

由「to + 动词原形」构成的非谓语形式,常表示具体、一次性或将来发生的动作,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。

一、核心规则

  1. 基本形式为 to do,否定式 not to do(强调时用 never to do),否定词一律置于 to 之前。
  2. 相对时态:一般式 to do 表与谓语同时或之后;进行式 to be doing 表与谓语同时进行;完成式 to have done 表先于谓语;完成进行式 to have been doing 表持续到谓语时。
  3. 语态:被动式 to be done 表被动动作;完成被动式 to have been done 表先于谓语且被动。
  4. 常见只接不定式作宾语的动词:agree, afford, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish。
  5. 常用句型 v. + sb + to do sth(ask/tell/want/allow/encourage/advise/force sb to do sth);但 make, let, have 及感官动词 see, hear, watch, feel, notice 后接省略 to 的裸不定式,变为被动语态时 to 必须还原。
  6. 「疑问词 + 不定式」可作宾语、主语、表语;why 后只接不带 to 的不定式(Why not do…? / Why do…?)。
  7. 不定式作定语常表将来;作结果状语时常与 only / never 连用,表出乎意料的结果。

二、结构与公式

一般式:to do            否定式:not to do
进行式:to be doing       完成式:to have done
被动式:to be done        完成被动:to have been done
省略 to(感官/使役后):make sb do sth, see sb do sth
疑问词 + 不定式:what / how / when / where / whether / which + to do
形式主语结构:It + be + adj. + (of / for sb) + to do sth
  • 作主语:It is important to keep fit.
  • 作目的状语:He got up early to catch the first bus.

三、典型例句

  1. He seems to have caught a cold.(他似乎感冒了。)
  2. I don’t know how to deal with the problem.(我不知道如何处理这个问题。)
  3. The teacher made us retell the story in our own words.(老师让我们用自己的话复述这个故事。)
  4. She is said to be studying abroad now.(据说她现在正在国外学习。)
  5. There is nothing to worry about.(没有什么可担心的。)
  6. He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.(他赶到车站,却发现火车已经开走了。)

四、易错点

  1. ✗ He was made work overtime. → ✓ He was made to work overtime.(使役、感官动词的裸不定式变被动后须补回 to)
  2. ✗ I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long. → ✓ I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.(「让你久等」先于「抱歉」,用完成式)
  3. ✗ Please remember turning off the light when you leave. → ✓ Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.(remember to do 表尚未做,remember doing 表已做过)
  4. ✗ Why not to ask him for help? → ✓ Why not ask him for help?(Why not 后接不带 to 的不定式)

五、高考考点

  1. 语法填空、单选考查「不定式 vs 动名词」,判据是动词的习惯搭配(见 动名词 vs 不定式)。
  2. 考查不定式完成式表未实现的愿望或打算:I should like to have come earlier.
  3. 考查 only to do 表出乎意料的结果状语,以及 to do 作目的状语与 so as to / in order to 的替换。
  4. 写作升级:用不定式作目的状语替代因果堆砌,或用「too…to…」「enough to」结构提升句式。

六、对比与延伸

七、来源

  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00217-不定式完成式的用法.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00222-“疑问词+不定式”结构.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00246-非谓语动词主动表被动的八种情形.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00024-“be+不定式”结构的语法意义.md
作者:admin  创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin  更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48