动词不定式
由「to + 动词原形」构成的非谓语形式,常表示具体、一次性或将来发生的动作,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
一、核心规则
- 基本形式为 to do,否定式 not to do(强调时用 never to do),否定词一律置于 to 之前。
- 相对时态:一般式 to do 表与谓语同时或之后;进行式 to be doing 表与谓语同时进行;完成式 to have done 表先于谓语;完成进行式 to have been doing 表持续到谓语时。
- 语态:被动式 to be done 表被动动作;完成被动式 to have been done 表先于谓语且被动。
- 常见只接不定式作宾语的动词:agree, afford, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish。
- 常用句型 v. + sb + to do sth(ask/tell/want/allow/encourage/advise/force sb to do sth);但 make, let, have 及感官动词 see, hear, watch, feel, notice 后接省略 to 的裸不定式,变为被动语态时 to 必须还原。
- 「疑问词 + 不定式」可作宾语、主语、表语;why 后只接不带 to 的不定式(Why not do…? / Why do…?)。
- 不定式作定语常表将来;作结果状语时常与 only / never 连用,表出乎意料的结果。
二、结构与公式
一般式:to do 否定式:not to do
进行式:to be doing 完成式:to have done
被动式:to be done 完成被动:to have been done
省略 to(感官/使役后):make sb do sth, see sb do sth
疑问词 + 不定式:what / how / when / where / whether / which + to do
形式主语结构:It + be + adj. + (of / for sb) + to do sth
- 作主语:It is important to keep fit.
- 作目的状语:He got up early to catch the first bus.
三、典型例句
- He seems to have caught a cold.(他似乎感冒了。)
- I don’t know how to deal with the problem.(我不知道如何处理这个问题。)
- The teacher made us retell the story in our own words.(老师让我们用自己的话复述这个故事。)
- She is said to be studying abroad now.(据说她现在正在国外学习。)
- There is nothing to worry about.(没有什么可担心的。)
- He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.(他赶到车站,却发现火车已经开走了。)
四、易错点
- ✗ He was made work overtime. → ✓ He was made to work overtime.(使役、感官动词的裸不定式变被动后须补回 to)
- ✗ I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long. → ✓ I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.(「让你久等」先于「抱歉」,用完成式)
- ✗ Please remember turning off the light when you leave. → ✓ Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.(remember to do 表尚未做,remember doing 表已做过)
- ✗ Why not to ask him for help? → ✓ Why not ask him for help?(Why not 后接不带 to 的不定式)
五、高考考点
- 语法填空、单选考查「不定式 vs 动名词」,判据是动词的习惯搭配(见 动名词 vs 不定式)。
- 考查不定式完成式表未实现的愿望或打算:I should like to have come earlier.
- 考查 only to do 表出乎意料的结果状语,以及 to do 作目的状语与 so as to / in order to 的替换。
- 写作升级:用不定式作目的状语替代因果堆砌,或用「too…to…」「enough to」结构提升句式。
六、对比与延伸
七、来源
语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00217-不定式完成式的用法.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00222-“疑问词+不定式”结构.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00246-非谓语动词主动表被动的八种情形.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00024-“be+不定式”结构的语法意义.md
作者:admin 创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48