关系代词与关系副词
关系词是定语从句的引导词,分关系代词与关系副词两类,其选用由“先行词指什么 + 在从句中作什么成分”共同决定。
一、核心规则
- 关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that, as)在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语;关系副词(when, where, why)在从句中作状语。
- 关系代词选择:指人用 who/whom/that,指物用 which/that,表所属用 whose,as 用于 such/the same 之后或指代整句。
- 关系副词选择:先行词为时间用 when,地点用 where,原因(主要是 the reason)用 why。
- how 不能作关系副词,the way 后只能用 that / in which 或直接省略。
- why 只能引导限制性定语从句;非限制性中若要表原因可用 for which reason。
- 先行词是 all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none 或受 the only, the very, the same 修饰时,多用 that。
- 非限制性定语从句和介词后指物时用 which,不用 that。
二、结构与公式
| 关系词 | 先行词 | 从句中作用 |
|---|---|---|
| who / whom | 人 | 主语 / 宾语 |
| whose | 人、物 | 定语 |
| which | 物、整句 | 主语 / 宾语 |
| that | 人、物 | 主语 / 宾语 / 表语 |
| as | 物、整句 | 主语 / 宾语(“正如”) |
| when | 时间 | 时间状语 |
| where | 地点 | 地点状语 |
| why | the reason | 原因状语 |
先行词 + 介词 + which/whom + 从句,可缩为介词 + which/whom + 不定式- 省略条件:关系代词作宾语/表语;when 在 day, year, time 后;where 在 place, somewhere 后;why 在 the reason 后
三、典型例句
- Do you know a shop where I can find sandals?(你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗?)
- That’s the reason why he dislikes me.(这就是他不喜欢我的原因。)
- This is the only example that I know.(我知道的例子只有这一个。)
- The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.(他们找寻的文件已找到了。)
- He had only the long nights in which to study.(他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。)
- He changed his mind, which made me very angry.(他改变了主意,这使我很生气。)
- Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you.(不要忘记我告诉你的时间。)
四、易错点
- ✗ This is the way how he spoke. → ✓ This is the way (that) he spoke. 原因:how 不能作关系副词。
- ✗ The reason why he gave was not true. 混用 → ✓ The reason (that) he gave was not true.(关系词在从句中作 gave 的宾语,用关系代词)
- ✗ The London team, that played so well last season, has done badly. → ✓ The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly. 原因:非限制性从句不用 that。
- ✗ She may be late, in that case we ought to wait for her. → ✓ in which case. 原因:介词后指物用 which。
五、高考考点
- 语法填空:唯一设空常考关系词的“代词还是副词”,判据是从句是否缺主语或宾语。
- 单选:that 与 which、as 与 which、where 与 which 的辨析为高频题型。
- 短文改错:关系词误用为人称代词,或多加一个同义人称代词。
- 写作升级:
介词 + which与非限制性 which 指代整句,用于衔接前后句(见 语法在写作中的升级用法)。
六、对比与延伸
- 定语从句——本页的主干说明
- that vs which、which vs where——判据型辨析页
- 同位语从句——引导词相同而功能不同
- 高中英语语法体系总纲、语法易错清单
七、来源
语法体系/英语语法网专栏/定语从句/00064-英语关系副词用法说明.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/定语从句/00104-that与which的用法区别.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/定语从句/00106-关系代词as与which区别详解.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/定语从句/00070-省略关系词的几种情形.md
作者:admin 创建时间:2026-09-11 18:05
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48