现在分词

由「动词原形 + -ing」构成、表主动与进行的非谓语形式,可作定语、状语、表语和补语。

一、核心规则

  1. 一般式 doing 表主动,所表示的动作通常与谓语动作同时发生;有时可略早或略迟,但两者之间没有明显时间间隔。
  2. 完成式 having done 表动作先于谓语,多作状语(尤其表时间、原因)。当分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语时,现在分词通常置于句末。
  3. 被动式 being done 表与谓语同时发生的被动动作;完成被动式 having been done 表先于谓语且已完成的被动动作。
  4. 否定式:not 一律置于分词之前;遇完成式、被动式或完成被动式,not 置于整个结构之前(not having finished)。
  5. 句法功能:作定语(a sleeping baby / the boy standing there)、状语(时间/原因/条件/让步/结果/伴随)、表语、补语(see/hear/find/keep + 宾语 + doing)。
  6. 作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致,否则构成悬垂分词错误;确需不一致时应改用独立主格。
  7. 分词题基本判据:现在分词表「主动、进行」,过去分词表「被动、完成」。

二、结构与公式

一般式:doing            否定:not doing
完成式:having done       否定:not having done
被动式:being done        完成被动:having been done
作定语:a sleeping baby / the woman being operated on
作状语:Doing..., 主句    主句, doing...
作补语:see / hear / watch / find / keep + 宾语 + doing
  • 比较:Who is the woman being operated on?(正在动手术)↔ the woman operated on(已被动过手术)
  • 比较:Being so ill, she can’t go to school. ↔ Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover.

三、典型例句

  1. Living in the suburbs, we have few visitors.(因为住在郊外,我们没什么访客。)
  2. Having finished his homework, he went out to play.(做完作业后,他出去玩了。)
  3. The woman being operated on is my aunt.(正在接受手术的那位女士是我姑姑。)
  4. Not knowing the way, he asked a policeman for help.(因为不认识路,他向警察求助。)
  5. I saw him crossing the street.(我看见他正在过马路。)
  6. Having been warned of the danger, they took extra care.(由于被警告过有危险,他们格外小心。)

四、易错点

  1. ✗ Walking along the street, a car hit him. → ✓ Walking along the street, he was hit by a car.(分词逻辑主语应为句子主语,此处构成悬垂分词)
  2. ✗ Finishing his work, he went home. → ✓ Having finished his work, he went home.(「完成」先于「回家」,须用完成式)
  3. ✗ The film is very moved. → ✓ The film is very moving.(-ing 形式形容事物本身的性质,-ed 形式形容人的感受)
  4. ✗ He kept the door locking. → ✓ He kept the door locked.(表被动、状态用过去分词作补语)

五、高考考点

  1. 语法填空与单选:doing / being done / having done / having been done 四选一,先定主动被动,再定时间先后。
  2. 考查分词作状语时逻辑主语与句子主语的一致性(语法填空中给分词还是给谓语)。
  3. 考查 -ing 与 -ed 形容词辨析(interesting/interested, surprising/surprised)。
  4. 写作升级:用分词短语替代状语从句或定语从句,使句子更紧凑,是高考作文提分手段之一。

六、对比与延伸

七、来源

  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00249-现在分词用法说明.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00306-关于分词作状语的用法说明.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/02528-关于分词作状语的逻辑主语问题.md
  • 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/01359-你知道什么叫悬垂分词吗.md
作者:admin  创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin  更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48