过去完成时

由 had + 过去分词构成，表示”过去的过去”——在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生或完成的动作、状态。

一、核心规则

1. “过去的过去”：必须有一个过去参照点，动作发生在该参照点之前，如 When the doctor arrived, the patient had died.
2. 常用时间状语：by, before, until, when, by the end of + 过去时间，也可靠上下文体现。
3. 持续性用法：表示从更早的过去持续到过去某时，如 Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
4. 未实现的愿望／打算：intend, hope, plan, expect, think, mean 等的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现，如 I had intended to come last night, but…
5. 固定结构：hardly/scarcely…when… 与 no sooner…than… 中，主句用过去完成时且常部分倒装。
6. 虚拟与 wished 类从句：if 条件句、wish、would rather 后的从句用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
7. 并非必需：几个动作用 and, then, but 按发生顺序并列，或由 after, before, as soon as 已明确先后时，均可用一般过去时。

二、结构与公式

• 肯定：had + 过去分词。
• 否定：had not (hadn't) + 过去分词。
• 疑问：Had + 主语 + 过去分词?
• 被动：had been + 过去分词（如 By the end of the year no decision had been made.）。
• 倒装公式：Hardly/Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when + 主语 + 一般过去时；No sooner had + 主语 + 过去分词 + than + 主语 + 一般过去时。

三、典型例句

1. When we got there, the basketball match had already started.（我们到那里时，篮球赛已经开始了。）——过去的过去。
2. She told me she had been with IBM for five years.（她告诉我说，她在国际商用机器公司已工作 5 年了。）——宾语从句中的更早动作。
3. The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.（我到电影院时，电影已经开演五分钟了。）——持续到过去某时。
4. I had meant to come, but something happened.（我本想来，但有事没来。）——未实现的打算。
5. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.（他刚一到，她就开始抱怨。）——hardly…when 倒装结构。
6. I wish I had seen you yesterday.（我昨天见到你多好。）——wish 后表与过去事实相反。

四、易错点

1. ✗ I had seen him yesterday. → ✓ I saw him yesterday. 没有更早的过去参照点时，不必也不该用过去完成时。
2. ✗ After he had finished his homework, he had gone out. → ✓ After he had finished his homework, he went out. 后一动作相对参照点”后发生”，用一般过去时。
3. ✗ No sooner he had arrived than it began to rain. → ✓ No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 否定词提前须部分倒装。
4. ✗ He said he has finished the work. → ✓ He said he had finished the work. 主句过去时，从句表更早动作须用过去完成时。

五、高考考点

1. 判断参照点：题干常给出两个过去动作，由一个动作确定参照点，另一动作在其之前即用过去完成时。
2. 固定结构：hardly/scarcely…when、no sooner…than 的倒装与时态搭配是经典考点。
3. 与一般过去时混考：由 and, then, before, as soon as 连接且顺序已明示时，误用过去完成时是常见陷阱。
4. 写作升级：叙事文用 I had never imagined that... 制造戏剧性反差，或用于追叙背景，见 语法在写作中的升级用法。

六、对比与延伸

• 辨析页：一般过去时 vs 过去完成时、现在完成时 vs 过去完成时。
• 相邻时态：一般过去时、现在完成时、将来完成时、过去将来时。
• 结构与倒装：倒装句、被动语态、时态一致。
• 语气相关：虚拟语气、宾语从句、定语从句。
• 上位总览：动词时态总览。

七、来源

• 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/动词时态/00328-英语动词时态详解：过去完成时.md
• 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/动词时态/04304-英语动词时态用法归纳：过去完成时.md
• 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/动词时态/00188-过去完成时与一般过去时的区别.md
• 语法体系/英语语法网专栏/动词时态/03388-“过去完成时”要慎用.md