过去分词
通常由「动词原形 + -ed」构成、表被动与完成的非谓语形式,只有一般式,可作定语、状语、表语和补语。
一、核心规则
- 过去分词只有一般式,没有完成式、没有进行式;意义上最主要的特点是表被动。
- 时间上可表示多种关系:已发生的动作、经常性动作或泛指概念、与谓语同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作、现在或当时的状态。
- 及物动词的过去分词表被动(a broken cup);不及物动词的过去分词只表完成、不表被动(fallen leaves, the risen sun)。
- 句法功能:作定语(前置或后置)、状语(时间/原因/条件/让步/伴随)、表语、补语。
- 作状语时多置于句首表时间、原因、条件或让步;置于句末常表伴随或补充说明。
- 作表语的 be + done 表状态,与被动语态的 be + done 形式相同:表状态时强调结果、不带 by 短语;表动作时强调过程并可带 by 短语。
- 过去分词与现在分词被动式有时可互换(Written in haste = Being written in haste),但完成被动式更强调动作的先后。
二、结构与公式
过去分词:done(无完成式、无进行式)
否定式:not done / not having been done
作定语:a broken cup / the book written by Lu Xun
作状语:Done..., 主句 主句, done...
作补语:have / get sth done;see / find / keep / leave + 宾语 + done
- 比较:done(被动、完成)↔ doing(主动、进行)
- 比较:The door was locked.(状态)↔ The door was locked by the guard.(被动动作)
- 三种等价写法:Written / Being written / Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes.
三、典型例句
- Born in a poor family, he could not go to school.(因生于贫穷家庭,他上不起学。)
- Built in 1501, the bridge is over 500 years old.(这座桥建于 1501 年,已有五百多年历史。)
- The novel written by Mo Yan sells well.(莫言写的那部小说很畅销。)
- I had my hair cut yesterday.(我昨天理了发。)
- Asked why he came, he kept silent.(问他为什么要来,他一言不发。)
- He came in, followed by his secretary.(他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。)
四、易错点
- ✗ The book writing by him is popular. → ✓ The book written by him is popular.(书是被写的,用过去分词作定语)
- ✗ I’m interesting in English. → ✓ I’m interested in English.(-ed 形式形容人的感受,-ing 形式形容事物的性质)
- ✗ He had his watch repairing. → ✓ He had his watch repaired.(have sth done 表「请人做某事」或「遭遇某事」)
- ✗ Basing on these facts, we drew a conclusion. → ✓ Based on these facts, we drew a conclusion.(be based on 的过去分词形式 based on 是固定用法)
五、高考考点
- 语法填空:done / being done / having been done 三选一,先定被动,再定与谓语的先后关系。
- 单选考查 -ed 与 -ing 形容词辨析。
- 考查 have / get sth done 与 have sb do sth、have sth doing 的区别。
- 写作升级:用过去分词短语作定语替代定语从句(the book which was written by Lu Xun → the book written by Lu Xun)。
六、对比与延伸
七、来源
语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00250-过去分词用法说明.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00410-过去分词作状语的用法归纳.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00252-“have+宾语+分词”结构用法归纳.md语法体系/英语语法网专栏/非谓语动词/00041-现在分词being的语法功能及用法说明.md
作者:admin 创建时间:2026-09-11 18:04
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48
最后编辑:admin 更新时间:2026-10-06 00:48